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to the aqueous system. Also non-aqueous solvents like acetonitrile corrode rubber and polymer materials which could damage the tubes the electrolyte is pumped through and the innards of the cell which would reduce the lifetime of the battery[66]. While intensifying maintenance requirements, electrolytes such as PC, EC, EMC and others also carry a significant safety risk. This is aggravated in LIBs because they contain besides the flammable electrolyte also oxidizing material in the form of the lithium-metal oxides that typically make up the cathode [5]. Therefore, two of the three elements of the combustion triangle (fuel and oxidant) are present in LIBs, addition of a heat source can lead to catastrophic failure. In a large scale RFB application of organic electrolytes the fuel would be present in a much higher quantity than in a LIB, surrounding oxygen in the atmosphere could function as oxidizer. Organic solvents are in most cases ecologically questionable, and their application should be reduced as much as possible because, in spite of safety measures, solvents are released into the environment and have a polluting impact. For the synthesis of PCs, dichloromethane is used for which carcinogenic effect is suspected and it harms aquatic organisms (H-351, H-373) [74]. Acetonitrile as a solvent should also be considered critically as well. Acetonitrile is absorbed by the digestive system, the skin and the lungs and releases cyanide in the human body. Hence, poisoning symptoms of cyanide exposure occur [75]. Due to these properties, the toxicity of the used solvent must be taken into account when developing a battery [76]. The selection of a suitable solvent for conducting experiments requires careful consideration, as the solvent can have a significant influence on the electrochemical properties of the redox couples. The standard potential of a reaction like (16) depends on the solvent or on the solvation energy of the metal ion. For instance, the standard potential is shifted to more negative values in solvents in which the metal ion is solvated more strongly [66]. In some cases, solvents have the capability to change the whole reaction mechanism, which affects the electrochemistry of a redox system. For example, a one-step reaction in water could be a two-step reaction in an organic solvent. Copper in the oxidation state I+ is unstable in water but is stabilized in acetonitrile, which means the reduction of Cu(II) Page 18 of 63PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Concepts Chemistries
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