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solubility of the used metal salts. In the case of the VRFB the maximum concentration of the VRFB electrolyte is 1.7 to 2 M vanadium if only sulphuric acid is used as supporting electrolyte [95]. It should also be mentioned that at higher concentrations the V3+ and V2+ ions precipitate in the negative electrolyte if the temperature is lower than 10°C. While the solubility of V2+, V3+and VO2+ increases with increasing temperature, thermal precipitation of the VO2+species into V2O5 occurs when the positive electrolyte is over 40°C [96]. The electrolyte of non-aqueous system contains a concentration of electrochemically active species from 0.01 M [68] to 2 M [73]. The locus of the redox reaction is the electrode surface and this is why the selection of the right electrode plays an important role. The electrode requirements for all systems are in general high conductivity, good resistance towards the chemical environment, mechanical stability towards compression and inexpensive costs. In Mez+/Me(z+1)+ systems commonly carbon-felt materials are used because they do not undergo any redox reaction within the stability window of water [26]. The surface of the electrode should be active towards the desired redox reactions and simultaneously inhibit unwanted side reaction such as the HER. Page 21 of 63PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Concepts Chemistries
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