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On the subject of higher energy density RFBs, Li et al. presented a zinc/polyiodide hybrid flow battery [117]. The aqueous electrolyte, a ZnI2 solution in both compartments, was ambipolar; both the cationic and anionic ions were redox active which eliminated the need for counterions. Further, the Zn2+ species also functioned as a charge carrier so a supporting electrolyte was not needed. Upon charge, zinc is deposited at the anode and polyiodide ions are formed in solution at the cathode while the reverse reactions occur upon discharge: Anolyte: Catholyte: A high CE of 99% was demonstrated in charge/discharge cycling using concentrations of ZnI2 from 0.5 M to 3.5 M. Over 40 cycles, a 3.5 M ZnI2 electrolyte showed no obvious efficiency or capacity decay. While EE was shown to decrease with higher ZnI2 concentration due to increasing electrolyte resistance, a 5 M ZnI2 solution reached an energy density of 167 Wh L- 1 based upon the discharge energy density which approaches the energy density of some LIBs. An electrolyte stability window of -20 to 50°C is reported. However, as discussed in a previous section for the zinc-bromine RFB, an issue with the operation of the Zn/Zn2+ redox couple is the formation of dendrites when zinc is deposited at the anode during charging which was observed in the zinc-polyiodide flow battery. 6.4 Semi-solid lithium slurry RFBs Optimisation of the VRFB remains a compelling topic, but alternative RFB chemistries also garner attention in the pursuit of improved energy densities. For instance, concepts of LIBs are naturally carrying over into flow battery research. As well as the increased cell voltages allowed by the use of a non-aqueous electrolyte, LIB operation involves ionic transport within solid electrodes which allows greater storage of active species and higher energy densities. As such, a semi-solid flow cell utilising Li-ion chemistry and slurries of suspended electrode material was presented by Duduta et al. [60]. The electrolytes were semi-solid Page 30 of 63PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Concepts Chemistries
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