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Fig 8: a) A schematic representation of the polymer-based RFB, consisting of an electrochemical cell and two electrolyte reservoirs. A semipermeable size-exclusion membrane separates the anolyte and catholyte. b) The fundamental electrode reactions of the TEMPO and viologen radicals. Reprinted with permission from [90]. The open-circuit voltage in cell testing was 1.1 V and energy densities of around 10 Wh L-1 are reported for the polymer solutions. After 10 000 cycles, 80% of the initial capacity was retained in a static, unpumped cell. A faster capacity fade was observed in a pumped cell, thought to be attributable to oxidation of the viologen radical species by oxygen entering the electrolyte. The cytotoxicity of the redox-active polymers was also tested and compared with the cytotoxicity of VCl3, VOSO4 and two other cationic polymers, poly(L-lysine) and branched poly(ethylene imine), materials chosen because of their wide use. The TEMPO polymer showed less toxicity than the viologen polymer, while both polymers were less cytotoxic than poly(L-lysine), poly(ethylene imine) and the vanadium salts. The use of size-exclusion membranes that prevent polymeric active species from crossing into the adjacent electrode compartment instead of more costly Nafion ion exchange membranes illustrates a promising aspect of RFBs that utilise polymers. However, as the Page 32 of 63PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Concepts Chemistries
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