PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 045
electrolytes or electrochemical rebalancing can be employed to mitigate this capacity loss [159]. More problematic is chemical instability, if the employed redox shuttles react to form other species. This is because even if the temporal capacity fade, such as for the bis((3- trimethylammonio)propyl)- ferrocene dichloride / bis(3-trimethylammonio)propyl viologen tetrachloride seems extremely low, at the reported 99.90%/day [160] the capacity has dropped to 70% of its initial value after one year. Degradation effects that do not stem from the electrolytes can be due to membrane fouling [161], bipolar plate corrosion and electrode ageing [51,162]. These are serious issues, but they could be remedied by replacing the cell stack which might be cheaper than replacing the electrolyte. The ideal RFB chemistry features high coulombic efficiency, however, ion cross-over and side reactions can be tolerated if the battery is symmetric as in the case of the VRFB, and viable rebalancing strategies exist. Chemical instability cannot be tolerated, as even tiniest decay rates add up very quickly. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) to limit the capital cost to US$100 per kWh for widespread adoption ion 2010 [163,164]. Since then a number of cost calculations for RFBs have appeared [38,156,163], comparing the costs for the various components. For the VRFB, Zhang et al. found that the electrolyte and the membrane are the major cost contributors [38]. However, it is also reasonable that when the main application of RFBs shifts from frequency regulation to grid storage, the ratio of power (kW) to energy content (kWh) will decrease, favouring longer storage times over power output. In that case, the contribution of the power converter will decrease in importance, and the main cost factor will be the electrolyte. The cost for battery grade V2O5, a convenient benchmark, fluctuated a lot over the last decade, with maximum costs of US$28 kg-1 and minimum costs of US$8 kg-1 [165]. Assuming a cost of US$21.13 kg-1 for vanadium, the capital cost price tag for a 1MW/12MWh VRFB battery was put at US$400 kWh-1 [38]. Acknowledging that even at a power to energy ratio of 1:12, this value greatly get, there are two conceivable pathways for capital cost reduction: First, it is considered that the employed vanadium does not degrade over the course of the Page 45 of 63PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Concepts Chemistries
PDF Search Title:
Redox Flow Batteries Concepts ChemistriesOriginal File Name Searched:
5870EAF5-2D70-44C8-A0A7-62D3A1462269.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Salt water flow battery technology with low cost and great energy density that can be used for power storage and thermal storage. Let us de-risk your production using our license. Our aqueous flow battery is less cost than Tesla Megapack and available faster. Redox flow battery. No membrane needed like with Vanadium, or Bromine. Salgenx flow battery
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)