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the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) [27,28]. This allowed correlations to be established at low Reynolds numbers [27], along global dispersion and reaction rate coefficients [28]. The local mass transfer at felts within interdigitated flow fields has also been determined by numerical simulations [29,30], although those for flow-through rectangular channel electrodes have not received adequate attention. Contrary to the previous examples, the models discussed in the following section emphasise other parameters and incorporate mass transfer rates from reported correlations. It should be noted that any employed correlations must be strictly valid for the model assumptions. Mathematical modelling In general, the modelling of RFBs is accompanied by insufficient experimental validation and the introduction of arbitrary fitting factors. Numerous examples exist of practical zero-, one- and two- dimensional models of cell potential over charge-discharge cycles. However, given the widespread availability of computational power, opportunities for improvement can be found in the replacement of simplified assumptions for representations of the physical geometry of, and reaction environment within, the device, e.g., dispersed plug flow reactor (PFR) models applied to three-dimensional electrodes. Models considering PFRs are scarce [31,32], despite flow reactors generally following this behaviour. There is also a tendency to omit reference electrodes from each half-cell, ignore the value of a redox probe in the reservoirs and neglect the classical model of a PFR with batch recirculation to a fixed volume electrolyte reservoir (for mass transfer- controlled cases, which are useful for reactor design and characterisation). 6PDF Image | Redox flow batteries for energy storage challenges
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