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Electrode reactions VO2þ þ 2Hþ þ e ⇄ VO2þ þ H2O V3þ þe ⇄V2þ Cr3þ þ e ⇄ Cr2þ Ce4þ þ e ! Ce3þ Cl2 þ 2e ⇄ 2Cl O2 þ 4Hþ þ 4e ⇄ 2H2O Table 3. Catalysts used for redox couple reactions. 5. Redox active organic electrolytes Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications 111 http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68752 Catalysts Mn3O4/carbon fibre ZrO2 Bi2O3 Nanorod Nb2O5 Ir-modification of carbon felt WO3 PbO2 Mn3O4/carbon fibre ZrO2 Bi2O3 Nanorod Nb2O5 TiC Noble catalysts Platinized titanium RuO2 Pt/Ir mixed oxide Compared to the metal-based electrolytes for redox flow batteries with limited number and resource, organic molecules with unlimited chemical space allow low-cost (for instance, from $5–10 kg1 vs. $27 kg1 for vanadium) and high-performance operation. Fast reaction kinetics of organic compounds permit high power generation. High solubility can be realized by controlling the solubilizing functional groups. Redox potentials can be adjusted by varying the electron-donating (OH, NH2) or -accepting (SO3H, NO2, PO3H2) properties of the functional groups. By tuning the molecule size or grafting polymer chains, low membrane crossover can be obtained. High-performance organic-based aqueous redox flow batteries have been demonstrated recently (Table 4) [25–30]. Quinone-based organic compounds have received great attention, ranging from simple hydro- quinone to large anthraquinone. These materials have merits of low cost and fast reaction rates. A peak power density of 1 W cm2 has been observed for a 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7- disulfonic acid (AQDS)-bromide system [31], which is close to a reported peak power density of 1.34 W cm2 for vanadium redox flow batteries. Compared to the relative small molecules such as hydroquinone and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO), large molecules such as AQDS and methyl viologen (MV) are expected to have low-membrane crossover rates. Functionalization of these active organic compounds with polymer backbone chains further enables the battery operation with low-cost size-exclusion membranes [32]. The developmentPDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Fundamentals and Applications
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