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[27] Liu, Q.; Sleightholme, A.E.S.; Shinkle, A.A.; Li, Y.; Thompson, L.T. Non-aqueous vanadium acetylacetonate electrolyte for redox flow batteries. Electrochemistry Communications 2009, 11, 2312–2315, doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2009.10.006. [28] Liu, Q.; Shinkle, A.A.; Li, Y.; Monroe, C.W.; Thompson, L.T.; Sleightholme, A.E.S. Non- aqueous chromium acetylacetonate electrolyte for redox flow batteries. Electrochemistry Communications 2010, 12, 1634–1637, doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2010.09.013. [29] Sleightholme, A.E.S.; Shinkle, A.A.; Liu, Q.; Li, Y.; Monroe, C.W.; Thompson, L.T. Non-aqueous manganese acetylacetonate electrolyte for redox flow batteries. Journal of Power Sources 2011, 196, 5742–5745, doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.02.020. [30] Duduta, M.; Ho, B.; Wood, V.C.; Limthongkul, P.; Brunini, V.E.; Carter, W.C.; Chiang, Y.-M. Semi- Solid Lithium Rechargeable Flow Battery. Adv. Energy Mater. 2011, 1, 511–516, doi:10.1002/ aenm.201100152. [31] Li, Z.; Li, S.; Liu, S.; HUANG, K.; Fang, D.; Wang, F.; Peng, S. Electrochemical Properties of an All-Organic Redox Flow Battery Using 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-Piperidinyloxy and N-Methylphthalimide. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett 2011, 14, A171-A173, doi:10.1149/2.012112esl. [32] Yang, B.; Hoober-Burkhardt, L.; Wang, F.; Surya Prakash, G.K.; Narayanan, S.R. An Inexpensive Aqueous Flow Battery for Large-Scale Electrical Energy Storage Based on Water-Soluble Organic Redox Couples. J. Electrochem. Soc 2014, 161, A1371-A1380, doi:10.1149/2.1001409jes. [33] Wei, Z.; Liu, D.; Hsu, C.; Liu, F. All-vanadium redox photoelectrochemical cell: An approach to store solar energy. Electrochemistry Communications 2014, 45, 79–82, doi:10.1016/j. elecom.2014.05.018. Authors Jens Noack is a chemical engineer and scientist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology. He is project leader and coordinator of several national and multi-national projects regarding redox flow batteries. His research interest is focussed on redox flow batteries and other technologies for renewable energy storage. Nataliya Roznyatovskaya studied chemistry at the Moscow State Lomonosov University and completed her PhD in 2005 on the mechanisms of the electrochemical reduction of binuclear metal– ligand complexes. After postdoctoral research at the University of Regensburg, she became scientific Associate in the Department of Applied Electrochemistry at the Fraunhofer ICT. Her research focuses on the electrochemical investigation of electrolytes for electrochemical storage and conversion. Chris Menictas is an associate professor in mechanical and manufacturing engineering at UNSW Sydney Australia. His research interests include: design, modelling and prototyping of flow battery and fuel cell systems; development of temperature modulating devices for bio-medical applications, air conditioner design optimisation; and thermal morphing. He is head of the Energy Storage and Refrigeration Laboratory at UNSW Sydney Australia. Maria Skyllas-Kazacos AM is an emeritus professor in chemical engineering at UNSW Sydney Australia. She is one of the original inventors of the all- vanadium redox flow battery and holds more than 30 patents relating to the technology. She is a fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering and has received several awards including Member of the Order of Australia, the CHEMECA Medal and the Castner Medal. Technical Briefing given to the extent required to develop competitive products. With the significant increase in renewable energy in the last 15 years, however, the situation has changed significantly. It cannot be foreseen that lithium-ion batteries will be the technology that will take over mobile and stationary tasks at low cost. Lithium- ion batteries currently lead to social problems (cobalt mining in the Congo), hazards (fire) and problems with the very expensive recycling (environmental aspects) of the many hazardous substances (cobalt, nickel, organic electrolytes). Lithium-ion batteries do not seem to be a sustainable and green technology currently. The demand for stationary storage facilities is growing every year and so is the demand for electric mobility. The costs of RFBs, especially VRFB and Zn/Br-RFB, have also fallen significantly over the last 10 years. These price reductions, however, still took place through the installation of comparatively few storage devices, mainly for demonstration plants. With an increase in the number of units and thus possible economies of scale and an optimisation of production towards mass production, further significant reductions in RFB’s costs can be achieved. The Fraunhofer ICT and University of New South Wales are working together as an alliance to intensify research activities in the field of electrochemical energy storage and to establish a joint international research centre – CENELEST – at UNSW. The aim is to strengthen expertise in redox flow batteries and to develop other types of batteries and fuel cells in order to cover the entire range of electrochemical energy storage needs for renewable energy. 112 | November 2019 | www.pv-tech.orgPDF Image | Redox flow batteries for renewable energy storage
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