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exchange with the electrodes which permits the output or input of current, for example: And Usually the four species (ions) are in solution and sometimes gaseous elements are involved due to side reactions involving gas evolution reactions. In other cases, metallic species are deposited in one half-cell. Such systems are referred to as being “hybrid” or “redox-hybrid”13. During the 70s to 80s there was an enormous effort developing the redox flow battery technology, as a result of the NASA investment on this technology. In Figure 2.3 there is an overview of this redox flow cell evolution. In 1971, Ashimura and Miyake published in Denki Kagaru an article dealing with the polarization characteristics of redox pair Fe3+/Fe2+ type fuel cell cathodes at a flow-through porous carbon electrode as well as its regeneration14. In 1973 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) founded the Lewis research center with the object of researching electrically rechargeable redox flow cells. NASA also established some contracts with Exxon Company15, Giner Ind. and Gel Inc for the hybrid version and with Ionics Inc. for membrane development16. From 1973 to 1979, the Lewis research center produced several reports about redox flow batteries, covering the following topics: i) Screening of redox couples. ii) Electrochemical diagnostics. iii) Kinetics problems. iv) Membrane development. v) Carbon based electrodes. vi) Components screening and life testing. vii) System studies. viii) Hydrodynamics. ix) Models. x) Electrocatalysis. 18PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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