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2.6.1.8 Other configurations There is a recent interest in the development of the lithium-air battery, which operates with a static lithium negative electrode, as might be found in a lithium-ion or lithium-polymer battery. Lithium ions combine with oxygen from air to form lithium oxide at the positive electrode on discharge, while oxygen is regenerated during charge. Kraytsberg and Ein-Eli provide an overview of the technology130. There are many challenges with such a battery system, such as ensuring proper isolation of the negative electrode structure that provides for facile oxygen transport and reversible oxide formation and stripping. However, the promise for high energy density and low material costs suggest tremendous research opportunities. Another recent flow-cell concept was invented by Yet-Ming Chiang’s group at MIT described by Duduta et al.85,131 They proposed using typical intercalation electrode materials as active material for a lithium rechargeable battery, but providing the active material in slurry that can be mechanically pumped in and out of a reaction chamber. In the paper describing the concept, they note that they will be able to store much higher concentrations of active material in the solid component of the slurry than can be stored as ions dissolved in electrolyte (up to 24 M), thereby increasing the energy density well beyond what could be achieved in traditional RFBs. 2.7 All Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries This battery employs the same metal in both half-cells. The negative half-cells employ V2+/V3+ redox couple whereas the positive half-cell uses VO2+/VO2+ redox couple. Both vanadium redox couple show sufficient kinetics in sulfuric acid supporting electrolyte. Electrical balance is achieved by the migration of proton across the membrane splitting the electrolytes. The charge-discharge reactions of the VRFB are: Negative electrode. Positive electrode. (2.17) (2.18) The standard open-circuit cell voltage is 1.26 V. It is reported that under actual cell conditions of using 2 M VOSO4 in 2.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte, the cell open-circuit potential is 1.35 V at 50% state of charge and 1.60 V in a fully charged state132. The system can be operated over a temperature range of 10-40oC132,133. The VRFB was studied in detail by the group of Skyllas-Kazacos36,39,67,69–72,99,100,102– 104,45,105,106,132–135,51,59–63,65 and by industrial organizations136 in Japan during the 1980s and 90s. Since 2002 significant research and development has been spread 34PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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