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Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones

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Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones ( redox-flow-batteries-vanadium-earth-quinones )

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Another example of electrochemical evaluation is shown in Figure 4.6. Using galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), the thermodynamic potentials of the positive and negative electrode can be obtained. GITT consists in a galvanostatic charge-discharge measurement during which open circuit is periodically applied. The potential recorded during the open circuit periods exclude the contribution of the ionic resistance and the concentration overpotential as well as electron transfer resistance. In addition, GITT provides values of overpotentials under “operando” conditions, which are represented by double arrows in Figure 4.6a. This information is very valuable, for example, to fit the theoretical calculation or to determine the overpotentials in the positive and negative electrode at different SoC. For ammoxidized graphite felts, case, it is also observed higher overpotentials at low SoC, although slightly lower values than the simulated ones likely due to the high flow rate used in our study. This fact indicates that there is a small contribution of the concentration on the overpotential at low SoC, even at 70 mL min-1 at 20 mA cm-2. It is not observed an increase in overpotential at 87.5% SoC as theoretically predicted by You et al.158. The most likely explanation is that the actual SoC was slightly lower than the expected one due to the fast charging rate. More importantly, the overpotentials in the positive side were always significantly higher than those in the negative one, confirming the observations in the previous experiments, i.e. the slower kinetics at the positive electrode. 66

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