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5 Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Electrolyte Enhancements Energy density in Vanadium Redox Flow batteries is related to the amount of vanadium able to be solved in the electrolyte, as one of the main lack of this energy storage technology companied by the operational temperature range of this technology, further research related to the solubility and stability in a broader temperature range of vanadium ions in an acidic solution has been done since the development of VRFBs. Table 5.1 – Vanadium solubility and stability for different electrolyte conditions. [Vanadium] / M 1.5 V(V) 5.4 V(V) 3-3.5 V(V) [H2SO4] Stability / M 3 yes 4 months 6M SO42- yes Temperature additive Ref / oC 40 - 40-60 - 132 102 4 V(IV) 3 >90 days 4 2-5wt% K2SO4; 3wt% sodium hexametaphosphate or 5wt% urea 142 40 - 99 In the past years, as Table 5.1 summarize, there has been great effort to increase the stability of vanadium species in sulfuric acid solutions, aimed for developing high concentration, stable vanadium in a wide range of temperatures electrolytes for VRFB systems99,102,132,142,159,160. 5.1 Thermally Stable Positive Electrolyte with a Superior Performance in All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries The approach has been to include a new positive electrolyte formulation for vanadium redox flow battery (VFRB) with a significant improvement in electrochemical properties, as temperature operational range, is reported in this section. A 5KDa- poly(ethyleneimine)-based dendrites (dPEI) demonstrates enhanced performance when used as additive for positive electrolytes in VFRB161. Thermal stability test at 40o C shows that the dPEI additive avoids the precipitation of V(V) during 720 hours. The concentration of dPEI additive is optimized in a very low dosage of 0.6 % w/v. This cost-effective electrolyte increases the energy density up to 18 WhL-1, which is an increment of 38% comparatively to the additive-free system (13 Wh L-1). Moreover, the electrolyte performance in terms of 69PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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