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6.1.2 Reduced titanium dioxide (TiO2-H) The improved effects caused by hydrogen heat-treatments lead to an enhancement of the electrochemical effectiveness in the charge transfer from TiO2 layer to the electrolyte, as the previous section was lacking off. It is due to the introduction of several defects in the crystal structure. More importantly, the complete depletion of HER on the negative electrode of the battery remains (Figure 6.8). Moreover, the long-term stability is studied at several rates capabilities for, alternatively, 1 M or 2 M vanadium concentrations as electrolyte in order to observe the effect caused by an increase to the electrolyte concentration to the thermodynamically stable limit. GF-P GF@TiO2 GF@TiO2:H V2+ V2+ e-e- V2+ e- e- e- e- e- e- e- V3+ 3+ e- 3+ e- H+ e-V e-e- V H+ e- + e- H 1⁄2H2 1⁄2H2 e- e- 1⁄2H2 Figure 6.8. – Scheme of the processes involved for the different electrodes of this section. Hydrogen treated TiO2 as electrocatalyst has been demonstrated for high performance all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) as a simple and eco-friendly strategy, boosting the obtainable battery’s capacity. GF@TiO2:H electrode performs an abrupt inhibition of the hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER), which is a critical barrier for operating at high rate for long-term cycling in VRFB. Significant improvements in charge-discharge and electron transfer processes towards V3+/V2+ reaction is achieved on the surface of reduced TiO2, as a consequence of the formation of oxygen-vacancies in the lattice structure and oxygen-functional groups. Key performance indicators of VRFB, which have been increased in terms of high capability rates and electrolyte-utilization ratio achieved (82% at 200 mA/cm2). Additionally, high Coulombic efficiency (up to 96th cycle~100%, after >97%) is obtained, demonstrating the feasibility of achieving long-term stability. 91PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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