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6.1.2.1 Characterization As described in Figure 6.8, this work is aimed to introduce TiO2:H groups as promoter for V3+/V2+ redox reaction, attributed to abundant oxygen-containing groups as well as rutile oxygen vacancies formation198. Figure 6.9 exhibits the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the graphite felt pristine (GF-P), thermal-treated graphite felt in absence of titanate precursor (GF-HT) and TiO2-based GFs. Typically the GF-P shows a smooth carbon fibers morphology and porous electrodes (Figure 6.9.a). The surface of the GF@HT electrode (Figure 6.9.b) is cleaner than those of the bare one. This phenomenon can be caused by the weak reaction between HCl and graphite felt removing the surface contaminants and forming a more hydrophilic area. A dense TiO2 coverage was obtained (Figure 6.9.c) with a thickness layer about 1.3 microns on the GF fiber after the hydrothermal process, electrode named GF@TiO2. Higher magnification (Figure 6.9.d) corroborated the compact structure of the coated layer, which are further composed of several structures with “flower-like” morphologies, which are further composed by primary high density of nanorods with thickness lower than 250 nm. An increasing agglomeration of the nanorods has been observed after hydrogen-treated GF@TiO2 electrode, named GF@TiO2:H (Figure 6.9.d). Figure S1 shows that all fibers in GF-P electrode have been covered by homogeneous shell of TiO2:H, maintaining their “flower-like” morphology after long-term stability studies. GF-HT 1μm GF@TiO2 a) 200nm b) GF@TiO 2 GF@TiO2:H 1μm c) 200nm d) GF@TiO2 GF@TiO2:H Figure 6.9. - FE-SEM images of the a) core graphite GF-HT; b) core/shell structure showing a cross section of the TiO2 coating layer; c) morphology details of the coating layer of the GF@TiO2 electrode; d) coating layer of the GF@TiO2:H electrode. 92PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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