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vacancies formation in the structure of titanium dioxide. A specific discharge capacity of around 11 Ah/L with a 66.1% of energy efficiency was observed after 100 cycles of charge/discharge at high current densities rates up to 150mA/cm2. In addition, significantly improved the electrolyte-utilization ratio to 87% was achieved using 1 M in vanadium solution. Afterwards, the performance of 2 M vanadium ion concentrations has been evaluated at high current density as well, (300 mA/cm2) during 140-cycles, showing the great durability of the battery especially when reached 200 mA/cm2. The CE value was > 96%; electrolyte-utilization ratio was 80%, with a specific capacity of 22 Ah/L, demonstrating the total suppression of HER and long term stability of VRFB. These results (Table 6.3) suggest that the TiO2:H based graphite felt is a powerful electrocatalyst for high-performance VRFB application. 3. The partially reduced sample (TiO2:N) favours the V3+/V2+ due to a reduction of the charge transfer resistance as an increasing active sites are present on the surface, and therefore, more vanadium ions are capable of react simultaneously. TiN is formed over the TiO2 decorating the carbon felt, consequently two conditions favour the V3+ reduction: i) The increase of O and N groups due to the presence of the catalyst formed (TiN-TiO2) itself that promote the number of active sites for the reaction to happen, enhancing the electron charge transfer at the interface electrode/vanadium. ii) The increase of O and N groups due to the presence of them over the carbon felt structure. All these qualities have allowed us to achieve a high-power output of the cell up to 1500 mW/cm2 (Figure 6.22), as well as work at high current density (150 mA/cm2) with low ohmic losses and high redox reversibility. It allows our system to be able to obtain great energy efficiency (71%). We firmly believe this is a highly promising material in order to obtain a VRFB capable of give a strong energy momentum, from which this types of battery possess an undeniable lack. It could be a future perspective focus on the implementation of this enhanced electrode in a cell where other components of the battery has been improved, as the membrane and/or the electrolyte, and therefore obtain not yet reported values capable of compete with lithium technology. 4. Hydrogen treated TiO2-based couple with defective Ceria-based graphite felt electrodes for negative and positive cell are an excellent option as low-cost, efficient and novel electrocatalysts that enhance the electrochemical performance in vanadium redox flow battery, especially at high charge/discharge rates. GF@TiO2:H electrodes showed greatly improved electrochemical properties (i.e. low charge transfer resistance) in combination with the inhibition of hydrogen- evolution reaction. GF@CeO2-x exhibits an improved kinetic over the positive reaction, as well as, delay the oxygen evolution due to its standard potential. Moreover, the electronic donor properties were 147PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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