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hydrogen bonding has a significant effect on the diffusion coefficient values in aqueous solutions. This type of aqueous organic flow battery opens a new area of research for realizing inexpensive and robust electrochemical systems for large-scale energy storage. It is shown that no precious metal catalyst is needed because these redox couples undergo fast proton-coupled electron transfer. 7.3.2 Cathodic electroactive species In this section we are going to focus on disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3- benzenedisulfonate, also known as Tiron, as the cathode active material used in acidic electrolyte conditions (methanosulfonic acid environment). It is one of the quinones with a higher redox standard potential showing larger solubility in aqueous conditions. In order to improve the electrode-electrolyte’s active material interaction (charge transfer and kinetics), several electrode treatments have been done. 7.3.2.1 Electrodes enhancement Initially, the commercial pristine carbon felt electrode (CF) is subjected to a plasma treatment in oxygen atmosphere, with the purpose of increase its active surface area, as well as hydrophilicity, as the oxygen groups are boost269. Afterwards, two different pathways are followed. Firstly, a hydrothermal process in nitric acid conditions 61,270. Secondly, a similar hydrothermal process, but this time, it is used graphene oxide (GO), synthesized by Hummel’s method, to decrease the charge transfer resistance as due to the great graphene conductivity. This treatment is followed by another in the same conditions but introducing a quinone molecule, p- benzoquinone, as a new active site interacting between the carbon substrate (CF- rGO) and the quinone (disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate) active material solved in the electrolyte (Figure 7.9). These different treatments over the positive electrode are done to know, which performs better towards the studied redox reaction and optimize it. Figure 7.9. - Redox reaction of disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonateor, also known as Tiron, which implies two protons and two electrons. 162PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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