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detected by this technique. For that reason, XPS measurements are done in order to study the electrodes surface composition. a) CF-P Element Weight% Atomic% 1μm CK 99.08 99.31 OK 0.92 0.69 Figure 7.11. - SEM images for several electrodes a) CF-P. b) CF-HT. c) CF-N d) CF-rGO/Q. Additionally, XPS spectra analysis (Figure 7.12) is done in order to study the surface effects of the different functionalization processes done on the carbonaceous electrodes (CF). Firstly, considering the C1s XPS deconvolution peaks for the treated electrodes (Figure 7.12), CF-N has a carbon overall larger contribution with a 95 % at, from which the majority comes from unsaturated carbon (C=C, 284.8 eV) with a 39 %at. In case of CF-HT this C1s contribution is reduced to a 73% at. Moreover, this carbon contribution is further reduced for CF-rGO/Q with just a 67% at, which has almost equally intensity coming from saturated (C-C - 285.5 eV, 21% at) and unsaturated (C=C, 20 % at) carbon. Furthermore, the O1s XPS spectra in Figure 7.12 show overall oxygen content about 30% at in case of the CF-rGO/Q electrode. This content is reduced to 24% at for the CF-HT electrode, which content is being further diminished for CF-N electrode. Now, studying the main deconvolution contributions to the overall oxygen content it can be observed that C-O groups (533.2 eV) has a larger content on the CF-rGO/Q surface with a 12% at, while CF-HT and CF-N only has a 6% at and 1% at, respectively. On the contrary C=O groups (532.1 eV) on the electrode surface has greater content for CF-HT with a 12 % at, which is lowered to a 9% at b) 2μm CF-HT Element Weight% Atomic% C K 94.17 95.78 OK 5.30 4.05 c) 1μm CF-N Element Weight% Atomic% C K 98.81 99.10 OK 1.19 0.90 d) 1μm CF-rGO/Q Element Weight% Atomic% C K 88.96 91.61 OK 10.66 8.24 164PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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