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in case of CF-rGO/Q and further decreased for CF-N with a 2 % at, as seen in Figure 7.13. Therefore, bearing in mind these facts seems clear that the rGO/Q contribution increases the quantity of C-O groups, while decreasing the C=O groups are comparatively to GF-HT electrode, which is an evidence of the Quinone’s oxygen groups are bonded to the carbon felt surface by these C=O groups. Moreover, the hydrothermal treatment in presence of nitric acid (GF-N) increases the relative contribution of acid groups (O-C=O, 531.3 eV) to the overall oxygen signal, due to a larger oxidation of the oxygen groups existing on the carbonaceous surface61,272 fj05mn01.spe: GF activitat 3 + HT 18 Jul 2 Al mono 300.0 W 0.0 0.0° C1s/Full/1 (Shft) 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 23.50 eV 5.1058e+003 max fj05mn01.spe C-C Comfpj0a5nmy Nn0a1m.sepe: GF activitat 3 + HT 2.42 m1i8nJul 2 Al mono 300.0 W 0.0 0.0°23.50 eV 2.7117e+003 max O1s C=O 3.2750e+003 max Cofmj0p5amnny0N1a.smpe: GF activitat 3 + HT 2.021m8 iJnul 2 Al mono 300.0 W 0.0 0.0°23.50 eV 6.0500e+002 max Company Name 10.10 min Company Name 10.10 min 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 CF-rGO/Q Binding Energy (eV) fj03mn01.spe C-C 3500 C1s 3000 C-O Binding Energy (eV) fj03mn01.spe O1s 650 600 550 500 450 N1s Binding Energy (eV) fj03mn01.spe N-oxygenated CF-HT C1s fj05mn01.spe C-OH C-O Chemisorbed oxygen N1s π-π* O-C=O fj03mn01.spe: GF/rGO/Q 18 Jul 2 Al mono 300.0 W 0.0 0.0° 23.50 eV Comfjp0a3nmynN0a1m.sepe: GF/rGO/Q C-O ; C-N C=O ; C=N O-C=O C-O ; C-N C=O ; C=N π-π* O-C=O fj06mn01.spe: GF - HNO3 HT - 100C for 21h 18 Jul 2 Al mono 300.0 W 0.0 0.0° 9.3240e+003 max 286 284 9.9150e+002 max Cofmj0p6amnny0N1a.smpe: GF - HNO3 HT - 100C for 21h 6.731m8 iJnul 2 Al mono 300.0 W 0.0 0.0°23.50 eV Company Name 6.73 min 395 394 N1s C1s/Full/1 (Shft) 404 610 403 402 401 400 Binfdj0in6gmEn0n1e.rsgpye(eV) 294 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 292 CF-N 290 288 Binding Energy (eV) fj06mn01.spe 282 537 536 535 534 533 532 531 530 529 528 399 398 397 396 0 0 O1s/Full/15(S38hft) N 1 s / F u l l / 41 0 ( 0S h f t ) C=O C-O π-π* O-C=O Chemisorbed oxygen 3.1817e+003 max 2.42 m18inJul 2 Al mono 300.0 W 0.0 0.0° C1s C=C C-C 1000 900 800 700 600 500 O1s 600 N-oxygenated 590 580 570 560 550 540 530 520 N-graphitic N-pyrrolic N-pyridinic C=C N-oxygenated N-graphitic N-pyrrolic 6.0950e+002 max C=C 2500 C=O O-C=O Quinone O1s/Full/1 (Shft) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 N1s/Full/1 (Shft) 620 600 580 560 540 520 500 480 460 440 Comfpj0a3nmynN0a1m.sepe: GF/rGO/Q 2.02 m18inJul 2 Al mono 300.0 W 0.0 0.0° fj05mn01.spe 0 0 420 C1s/Full/1 (Shft) O1s/Full/1 (Shft) N1s/Full/1 (Shft) 294 292 290 288 286 284 282 538 537 536 535 534 533 532 531 530 529 528 404 403 402 401 400 399 398 397 396 395 394 C-OH 1500 Chemisorbed 1000 oxygen 500 Comfj0p6amnynN01a.mspee: GF - HNO3 HT - 100C for 21h 2.021m8inJul 2 Al mono 300.0 W 0.0 0.0° N-graphitic N-pyrrolic N-pyridinic 6.0500e+002 max c/s c/s c/s c/s c/s c/s c/s c/s c/s 400 294 292 290 288 286 284 282 538 537 536 535 534 533 532 531 530 529 528 Binding Energy (eV) Binding Energy (eV) 0 404 403 402 401 400 399 398 397 396 395 394 Binding Energy (eV) 2000 C-O C-OH C=O O-C=O Binding Energy (eV) fj06mn01.spe Figure 7.12.- XPS deconvoluted spectra of C1s, O1s and N1s for the electrodes GF-HT, GF- rGO/Q and GF-N. Additionally, the N1s XPS spectra (Figure 7.12) has an overall nitrogen content of 3.1 % at for CF-HT coming from the commercial synthetic procedure, slightly reduced for CF-rGO/Q to 2.6 % at and almost absence for CF-N with a 0.4 % at due to the oxidative synthesis conditions. As Figure 7.13 shows, the principal contribution to nitrogen comes from oxygenated-N (402 eV) with a 2% at for CF- HT, which is reduced to a 1% at for CF-rGO/Q. There are also minor contributions coming from graphitic-N (401.3 eV) and pyrrolic-N (400.1 eV) for both electrodes, CF-HT and CF-rGO/Q. Moreover, CF-rGO/Q has a small contribution from pyridinic- N (399 eV). 165PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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