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0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 GF pristine CE / % VE / % EE / % 10 mA/cm2 Ewe /V 0 25 50 75 100 Capacity / mA h 10 mA/cm2 96.5 55.7 53.8 Figure 7.34. - Single cell charge-discharge plot of the potential of the cell vs. capacity at 10 mA/cm2, showing the values of Coulombic, voltage and energy efficiency (CE, VE and EE), as well as, the pictures of the anolyte and catholyte. Additionally, as seen in Figure 7.34, the charge-discharge of the single cell is repeated at lower current density (10 mA/cm2) to verify if it is possible to increase the low voltage efficiency in this regard. Although the voltage efficiency just increases a 2.1%, the low current applied makes it possible to reach 10 times more capacity (100 mAh) compare to the previous chare-discharge plot at 25 mA/cm2. Moreover, the Coulombic efficiency slightly decreases which is an indicator of small side reactions or cross-over. For this reason two approaches have been made i) introduce a reference electrode to follow positive and negative redox reaction independently and ii) reduce the cut-off voltage of the cell in order to avoid side reactions. 190PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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