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active material (molarities of quinones) for the anolyte and catholyte. It can be observed a lower overpotential (ηa) in case of 2,7-AQDS redox reaction while charging, 25 mV, compare to the positive one (p-benzoquinone) which at least doubles that value (ηc = 63 mV). The overall charge overpotential of the single cell is 80 mV. The discharge overpotential follows the same trend, but with lower values than the charge process, as expected, which corresponds to 15mV, 47 mV and 73 mV for the negative side, positive side and overall cell, respectively. Additionally, the efficiencies has been analyzed from Figure 7.36, visually it is quite obvious the larger voltage efficiency in case of 2,7-AQDS (green line), 87.8% VE. The voltage efficiency of the positive redox reaction of p-benzoquinone (red line) is significantly lower, 79.8% VE, which will limit the voltage efficiency of the battery to 70% (blue line). Moreover, the Coulombic efficiency will be the same value for both compartments and the overall cell as the negative side limits it, which is equal to 90.5%. Although is above 90% of efficiency, it still need to be improved due to the presence of a moderate cross-over and side reaction effect. Considering all of that, the energy efficiency when applying 10 mA/cm2 are 79.4, 72.2 and 63.4 % for the negative side, positive side and overall single-cell device. 10 mA/cm2 0.30 0.15 0.00 Ecell -0.15 Ewe Ece -0.30 0 10 20 30 40 50 Capacity / mAh Figure 7.36. - Single cell charge-discharge plot of the potential of the cell vs. capacity for the working, counter and the difference between these two electrodes at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Once all these factors of the primary single cell made of organic active material has been analyzed, it could be extract from the data the satisfactory efficiency of the single cell, and especially the negative side. However, further enhancements should be done especially the active material solubility which can be functional up to 0.4 0.45 E vs. Ag/AgSO4 / V 192PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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