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Leung et al. also investigated the effect of the mean linear flow velocity of the electrolyte on the cell performance both under constant current charge and discharge83. Figure 9.9 presents the effect of the mean linear flow velocity on the discharge voltage with different constant discharge current densities. It is shown that there is a maximum cell voltage at the mean linear flow velocity of 3.9 cm/s. Figure 9.9 – Effect of the mean linear flow velocity of the electrolyte on the cell voltage of a RFB83. 9.3.3 Reactant concentration effects The issue of reactant solubility in the flowing electrolyte solution can be important. The energy density of a RFB system is set by the concentration of dissolved species, but the maximum concentration in any stream is limited by the solubility of at least soluble species. Precipitation of reactants or products in the porous electrode is calamitous. Concentration limits on the electroactive species not only reduces the energy density of a system, but also negatively impacts the power density and cell efficiency as well. Lower concentrations mean reduced mass- transfer rates and current density, thus increasing concentration polarization and/or pumping power. Solubility is a function of temperature as well, which must be factored into cell design. For instance, it is observed that V2O5 precipitation occurs at elevated temperature, limiting the operating temperature to the range 10 to 40oC99,319. Li et al. improved this situation with the development of a vanadium sulfate and chloride mixed electrolyte, enabling a vanadium concentration up to 2.5 238PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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