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Study of redox flow battery systems for residential applications Abstract Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFB) outstand other electrochemical energy storage devices due to their high cyclability, which can be as high as 10 000 cycles. Storage capacity fade is one of the most important factors that compromises the long-term operation, stability and thus cyclability of VRFB. In this work, a potentiometric titration method that couples potassium permanganate and ammonium iron (II) sulfate was developed, validated and optimized. The method was used to measure the concentration of vanadium ions with a maximum variation coefficient, when optimized, of 4.46 % and to estimate state of charge and detect electrolyte imbalance. Furthermore, two VRFB systems of technical relevance (48 V DC nominal potential), one with anion (FAP450) and one with cation exchange membranes, were studied. It was found that electrolyte either on negative or positive tank may independently limit the charge or discharge process of VRFB because of electrolyte imbalance at the battery. It was also concluded that vanadium ions and water crossover direction is dependent on the type of membrane and capacity fade magnitude is dependent on stack design, stack materials and operation parameters of the battery. Keywords: Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), potentiometric titration, performance limiting tank, capacity fade, mass transferencePDF Image | Tubular Vanadium Air Redox‐flow battery
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