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Study of redox flow battery systems for residential applications 1 Introduction 1.1 Energy storage Electricity consumption has increased significantly over the past 25 years. In fact, the average electricity consumption of households per capita worldwide has increased by nearly 50 % from 489 kWh person-1 in 1990 to 739 kWh person-1 in 2014 (Appendix A.1, Figure A.1) [1]. The major drawback of such increase in electricity consumption is related to energy source which still being mostly from oil, coal and natural gas. This not only contributes greatly to the global warming but are also limited resources located often at politically unstable regions. In 2015, the use of fossil fuels represented 86 % of the total primary source for electricity (Appendix A.1, Figure A.2) [2]. Such contribution of fossil fuels must decrease to achieve a sustainable and clean future. Efforts have been made throughout the world to reduce the use of fossil fuels for electricity production and as primary energy source for transportation. A great example of such efforts is the Paris Agreement proposed by United Nations on December 12, 2015 which aims to limit the global average temperature increase to 1.5 oC above pre-industrial levels. This agreement requires that all countries make significant commitments to strongly decrease the emission of greenhouse gases [3]. When it comes to electricity production, most countries have committed to use renewable energies sources (wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, etc.) to tackle the greenhouse effect. In fact, several reports state that by 2040 renewable energies may represent up to 37 % of the source energy for electricity generation (Figure 1.1), while in 2016 it was 23 % [4-6]. Figure 1.1 - World net electricity generation (trillion kilowatt-hours) by energy source from 2012 to 2040 [5]. Chapter 1: Introduction 1 World electricity generation (trillion kWh)PDF Image | Tubular Vanadium Air Redox‐flow battery
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