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Study of redox flow battery systems for residential applications Despite the fact that renewable energies can provide enough power to supply the world electricity demand [7], there are two big downsides that contribute to its slow growth as primary source for electricity production: • Cost: the technologies currently used to produce electricity from wind, sun and water require a higher investment, making renewable energies more expensive than fossil fuels [2, 8]; • Intermittency: due to the unpredictability of sun radiation, wind speed and tides behaviour, the production of electricity is irregular which leads to mismatch between supply and demand. Electricity production irregularity can be classified into three categories [9, 10]: • Frequency response and regulation (Power quality): when a sudden mismatch between the loads and the generators is observed, the storage system must react to maintain the frequency and stability of the grid; • Operating and ramping support: when the generation of electricity is affected from seconds to minutes (ramping support) or during a whole day (operation support), due to clouds momentaneously or constantly passing over a photovoltaic panel for example, a storage system is required to respond to such intermittency; • Energy management (Power reliability): the storage system must be able to support the customer when the main power supply stops and until the main power supply starts supplying energy again. An example could be the photovoltaic panels that cannot supply electricity at night so it is required a battery to supply energy during that time. However, such irregularity can be diminished with the use of energy storage devices (Figure 1.2). Figure 1.2 – Examples of electricity storage systems by scientific categorization [2]. Chapter 1: Introduction 2PDF Image | Tubular Vanadium Air Redox‐flow battery
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