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End plate Electrodes Study of redox flow battery systems for residential applications Current colector Isolation gasket Outlet Inlet Gasket Graphite plate Frame Ion exchange membrane Figure 2.3 – Components of a single 25 cm2 VRFB used for experimental tests at LEPABE (cell by Volterion). Several electrochemical cells can be connected in series, aiming at increasing the system’s potential difference, forming a stack. Here each cell is separated by bipolar plates that allow conducting electrons from the previous cell to the next one. The frames are even more important for vanadium stacks since a uniform distribution of electrolyte through each electrochemical cell is necessary to obtain the same individual cell potential. 2.2.1 Ion exchange membrane IEMs are used to prevent the crossover of active species while allowing counter-ions to travel between the two half-cells during charging and discharging steps [35]. High proton/anion conductivity to minimize the ohmic losses, low ion and water permeability to improve coulombic efficiency and minimize self-discharge, good chemical stability in presence of V5+ and good resistance to fouling from impurities to ensure long IEM lifetime are membrane characteristics that allow the battery to achieve high energy efficiencies for long time [36]. The IEM is not only mainly responsible for the coulombic efficiency, but also affects the potential efficiency [29, 35, 37]. Depending on the charge of the ionic groups inside the membrane and the ions that it can conduct, membranes for RFB can be divided in two categories: cation exchange membranes (CEM), when it is negatively charge with functional groups such as -SO3-, and the membrane conducts cations and anion exchange membranes (AEM), when it is positively charge with functional groups such as -NH3+, and the membrane conducts anions [38, 39]. Nafion membranes (a type of CEM) are the most used type of membranes for VRFB systems since they have high proton conductivity and high chemical stability. However, nafion Chapter 2: Vanadium redox flow battery 11PDF Image | Tubular Vanadium Air Redox‐flow battery
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