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Study of redox flow battery systems for residential applications Brooker et al. [54] suggests to use an operation potential lower than 1.70 V per cell to minimize the extension of these gas side-reactions and thus, minimize capacity decrease and overall performance problems. 3.1.3 V2+ oxidation with oxygen air The presence of oxygen in the negative half-cell causes loss of stored energy and electrolyte imbalance since the oxygen oxidizes V2+ into V3+. This is considered a major self-discharge side reaction because oxygen has a high reduction potential and V2+ has a low reduction potential and the reaction will occur at great extent [56, 57]: O2 + 4H+ + 4V2+ 4V3+ + 2H2O At high state of charge, the oxidation of V2+ into V3+ will also cause a concentration gradient within the negative tank since the oxidation occurs in the air-electrolyte interface and it will be saturated with V3+. V3+ ions will then diffuse to the bottom of the tank, where the concentration is lower, and the V2+ ions will diffuse to the top and then be oxidized (Figure 3.1). Figure 3.1 - Schematic diagram of V2+ ions air oxidation in the negative side tank. Adapted from [57]. On the other hand, at lower state of charge, the reaction rate of V2+ air oxidation is higher, since the V2+ concentration is lower [56]. Purging the negative-side tank with inert air is a possibility to solve oxidation by oxygen issue [54], though this is not economically viable. Ngamsai and Arpornwichanop [56, 57] reported that increasing the electrolyte volume or reducing the electrolyte area in contact with air reduced the reaction rate. These are more economically feasible solutions. 3.2 Methods to assess the state of charge and electrolyte imbalance The state of charge (SoC) of a battery gives information about the amount of stored energy when compared to the total storage capacity of a battery and it ranges from 0 % (fully Chapter 3: Capacity fade and state of charge in VRFB 16PDF Image | Tubular Vanadium Air Redox‐flow battery
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