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Study of redox flow battery systems for residential applications 4.2 Sample collecting One sample of electrolyte with a volume of 15 mL was collected at the end of charging step and another at the end of discharging step for the negative tank and for the positive tank. Samples were collected by Dr. Martínez and the cycles at which the samples were collected for each system are described on Table 4.1 and were selected based on capacity behaviour (increase or decrease). Table 4.1 – Cycles at which electrolyte samples were collected. 1, 5, 11* and 17 (Charge) 5, 11 and 16 (Discharge) The samples were tagged with the name VXTXSteCyXXDDMMYY, where VX is the battery name (V6 for VisBlue 6 or V8 for VisBlue 8), TX is the tank from where the electrolyte was collected (T1 – negative tank for V6 and positive tank for V8 or T2 – positive tank for V6 and negative tank for V8), Ste is the charge (Cha) or discharge (Dis) step, CyX is the cycle number and DDMMYY is the date of when the sample was collected. Using V6T1ChaCy1211116 as example, this sample is from VisBlue 6 battery, negative tank, charging step, cycle 12 and collected at 12/11/2016. 4.3 Redox titrations The vanadium ions concentration was determined through potentiometric titration by using an automatic titrator (Metrohm 916 Ti-Touch) and standardized 0.10 M potassium permanganate (KMnO4) (Honeywell, 99 % purity) as titrant, since it is a strong oxidizer with a standard oxidation potential, Eo, of 1.51 V. The titrand is an aqueous solution with a total volume of 106 mL and 3 mL of vanadium electrolyte and 0.50 M sulfuric acid (~3 mL of H2SO4) (Honeywell, 95- 98 % purity). Sulfuric acid is used to ensure that KMnO4 is reduced from Mn7+ to Mn2+ [67]. This solution was constantly stirred by an automatic stirrer (Metrohm 802) in an inert atmosphere. The potential of the titrated solution (titrand) was measured with a platinum electrode (Metrohm 6.0451.100) in a 3 M KCl solution with a potential of +250 ± 5 mV [68]. Potential measurements are used to identify the equivalence points, EP, and which of the vanadium ion species correspond to the respective EP, since each vanadium specie oxidation has a specific standard oxidation potential (Figure 2.2). System Samples collected at cycles: VisBlue 6 standard operation VisBlue 6 remixing operation VisBlue 8 1, 12, 33, 34* and 35* (Charge) 1, 33, 34* and 35* (Discharge) 1, 2, 6 and 30 (Charge and Discharge) Chapter 4: Methods and materials 22PDF Image | Tubular Vanadium Air Redox‐flow battery
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