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Study of redox flow battery systems for residential applications 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Cycle no Charge - Negative tank Discharge - Negative tank Charge - Positive tank Discharge - Positive tank Figure 5.6 - Total vanadium concentration of negative side and positive side electrolytes after VisBlue 6 remixing operation charging (cycles 1, 5, 11 and 17) and discharging steps (cycles 5, 11 and 16) – lines were added for readability. However, having electrolyte from both tanks in contact leads to presence of self-discharge reactions and the state of charge at the end of charging step, for the limiting tank, is thus lower than for standard operation. Also, the coulombic efficiency decreased from an average of 87 % to an average of 84 % (Appendix D.3.2, Figure D.4) which was expected since more electrons are used for side-reactions than in the previous case. The energy efficiency also decreased from an average of 60 % to an average of 58 %. Despite the efficiencies decreased, a capacity of 19 Ah at cycle 17 was obtained, whereas for standard operation it was obtained a capacity of 17 Ah for cycle 17. Until cycle 17, VisBlue 6 during standard operation had a capacity loss rate of 4.0 mAh L-1 cycle-1, though, with the remixing strategy it was obtained a capacity loss rate of 1.3 mAh L-1 cycle-1, which represents a 68 % capacity loss rate reduction. Regardless of the remixing strategy displaying great stability and significant capacity loss reduction until cycle 17, this strategy needs yet to be analysed for a longer operation time since the capacity loss was further aggravated from cycles 17 to 35 during standard operation. This technique is also yet to be tested with different vanadium redox flow batteries and with different type of membrane. The discharge behaviour of cycle 11 observed in Figure C.2, Appendix C.2, was caused by flow rate increase on positive tank to stabilized the pressure on positive half-cell. Chapter 5: Results and discussion 32 Vanadium concentration (M)PDF Image | Tubular Vanadium Air Redox‐flow battery
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