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Study of redox flow battery systems for residential applications 5.3 VisBlue 8 For VisBlue 8 battery, it was observed an increase on the average state of charge of the battery from 64 % at cycle 1 to 73 % at cycle 30, at the end of charging step, and from 17 % at cycle 1 to 21 % at cycle 30, at the end of discharging step. However, VisBlue 8 does not exhibit the same state of charge in both tanks; the state of charge is not constant as the cycle number increases, with values ranging from 58 % to 91 % for the negative tank and from 71 % to 54 % for the positive tank at the end of the charging step and from 14 % to 33 % for the negative tank and from 21 % to 10% for the positive tank at the end of discharging step (Figure 5.7). This is an evidence of electrolyte imbalance and represents a potential danger of hydrogen evolution for state of charge higher than 90 % [85]. These results are in agreement with the colours of the analysed samples (Appendix D.4, Figure 11 to Figure 14). The coulombic efficiency also decreased from 97 % (cycle 2) to 92 % (cycle 30) and the capacity decreased from a maximum of 35.9 Ah (cycle 13) to a minimum of 28.2 Ah (cycle 30) (Appendix D.4, Figure D.5), which are also indications of electrolyte imbalance [29, 86]. The electrolyte imbalance was observed during operation as electrolyte levels also changed, with a net volumetric crossover of approximately 5 L from the negative tank to the positive tank (Appendix D.4, Figure D.7). Figure 5.7 shows that during the first 6 cycles, positive half-cell was limiting the charging step and the negative half-cell was limiting the discharging step just as for VisBlue 6. The negative tank had a 2 L min-1 higher flow rate during the first 6 cycles than the positive tank (Appendix D.4, Figure D.8) and it has been proven that the flow rate affects the overall performance of the battery [31]. Ma et al. [31] reported that higher flow rates reduce concentration polarization within the half-cell, which leads to lower half-cell potential and state of charge. Chapter 5: Results and discussion 33PDF Image | Tubular Vanadium Air Redox‐flow battery
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