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Study of redox flow battery systems for residential applications Figure 5.9 – Vanadium ions diffusivities (red>orange>yellow>blue), net crossover of vanadium ions by diffusion and net crossover of water by osmosis for VisBlue 8 (perfluoritaned ion exchange membrane) battery after 30 cycles. Adapted from [92]. According to Chen et al. [93], a low membrane thickness has a higher contribution for the vanadium ions crossover with the exchange of a higher potential efficiency, and thus, the reason for the extent of such crossover can be addressed to the membrane thickness used (75 μm) in VisBlue 8 battery. Also, VisBlue 8 battery was operated at a lower current density than the reported by Golden Energy Century (105 mA cm-2) which results in a capacity loss rate of 3.2 mAh L-1 cycle-1 instead of 0.8 mAh L-1 cycle-1. A higher current density results in faster charge/discharge cycles and, to maintain the overall performance of the battery, higher flow rates must be used. As consequence, concentration polarization decreases and a higher capacity is obtained [30, 31]. Furthermore, with the data from Figure 5.8 and the total volume of each tank, the mole number of V2+ and V5+ species that are being reduced and oxidized (storing/releasing energy) can be determined from Equation 5.2 and, thus the capacity limiting tank can be identified (Figure 5.10). Effective mole number = (𝐶charge − 𝐶discharge)×𝑉 (5.2) Vi+ Vi+ Chapter 5: Results and discussion 37PDF Image | Tubular Vanadium Air Redox‐flow battery
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