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UnderstandininggththeeVVaannaaddiuimumRRedeodxoFxloFwlowBaBttaetrtiesries 31457 T I ref / Pref SoC Ustack Pstack Pmech I stack T E stack U loss P loss Ustack Pstack Pmech converters are very efficient, with efficiencies around 98 to 99% (Wensong & Lai, 2008; Burger & Kranzer, 2009), they are considered, for simplicity, lossless in this work. Therefore, they are two sources of losses: the internal losses that are already included in the stack voltage Ustack (2), and the mechanical losses Pmech. Hence, Pmech is provided from the external power source during the charge and from the stack during the discharge. By convention, the battery power PVRB and the stack power Pstack are positive during the discharge and negative during the charge; Pmech is always positive. Thus, PVRB is given by: VRB control system I stack C tank SoC ρ Q Reservoir & electrolyte model Mechanical model Fig. 11. Structured diagram of the multiphysics VRB system model. PVRB = Pstack − Pmech [W] (35) μ VANADIUM REDOX BATTERY I stack I VRB I' VRB P VRB AC load or Grid Stack Q P stack I'mech. DC AC Pump P VRB DC DC P mech Fig. 12. Power flow in the VRB storage system. In this example, the power converters only adapt the currents and voltages, and are lossless. In the rest of this section, we will discuss the battery performance under different operating strategy with a strong focus on the battery power PVRB, the stack power Pstack ant the mechanical power Pmech. Intuitively, we feel that there should be an optimal control strategy that maximizes the battery performance. In these circumstances, the power delivered to the battery at any operating point is minimized during the charge and the power supplied by the battery is maximized during the discharge. 7. Operation at maximal and minimal flowrates First, we will discuss the battery operation at maximal and minimal flowrates. We must keep in mind that an efficient control strategy must maximize the power exchanged with the battery Electrochemical stack model Power flow U mech. I mech. P mech U stack U VRBPDF Image | Understanding the Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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