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UnderstandininggththeeVVaannaaddiuimumRRedeodxoFxloFwlowBaBttaetrtiesries 3257 ηenergy,Qo pt [%] 93.59 87.78 82.09 76.39 70.48 Power [W] [%] 500 87.07 1000 81.04 1500 75.47 2000 69.91 2500 63.97 ηenergy,Qmin Table 10. Overall VRB energy efficiencies ηenergy for a charge and discharge cycle at constant power at either optimal flowrate Qopt and minimal flowrate Qmin. many advantages to offer: management of the supply and demand of electricity, power quality, integration of renewable sources, improvement of the level of use of the transport and distribution network, etc. Over the years, many storage technologies have been investigated and developed, some have reached the demonstrator level and only a few have become commercially available. The pumped hydro facilities have been successfully storing electricity for more than a century; but today, appropriate locations are seldom found. Electrochemical storage is also an effective means to accumulate electrical energy; among the emerging technologies, the flow batteries are excellent candidates for large stationary storage applications where the vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) distinguishes itself thanks to its competitive cost and simplicity. But a successful electricity storage technology must combine at least three characteristics to have a chance to be widely accepted by the electrical industry: low cost, high reliability and good efficiency. A lot of works have already been done to improve the electrochemistry of the VRB and to reduce its overall manufacturing cost. With the multiphysics model proposed in this chapter, we are able to address primarily the battery performance and indirectly its cost; indeed, a good efficiency enhances the profitability and consequently reduces the operating cost. This ambitious model encompasses the domains of electricity, electrochemistry and fluid mechanics, it describes the principles and relations that govern the behaviour of the VRB under any set of operating conditions. Furthermore, this multiphysics model is a powerful means to identify and quantify the sources of losses within the VRB storage system; indeed, we are now able to understand how the VRB operates and to propose strategies of control and operation for a greater effectiveness of the overall storage system. Another important feature of this multiphysics model is to facilitate the integration of the VRB into the electrical networks. Indeed, power converters, whose properties and characteristics are known and efficient, are required in practice to interface the VRB with the network; the overall performance might improve if their control strategy takes into account the VRB characteristics. 11. References Bard, A. & Faulkner, L. (2001). Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edn. Bard, A., Parsons, R. & Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous solution. Bartolozzi, M. (1989). Development of redox flow batteries. a historical bibliography, Journal of Power Sources 27. Blanc, C. (2009). Modeling of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Electricity Storage System, Ph. D. dissertation, EPFL.PDF Image | Understanding the Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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