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Mena 1:00 Team R15 transportation systems. However, when considering which battery is better suited for grid storage, a low power density is not as critical a factor. For comparison, lead acid batteries typically have a power density of 370 watts per kilogram. This is why lead acid batteries are often used in cars, where it is important to maximize power output and minimize weight. For stationary grid energy storage, lead acid batteries higher power density is not as important [5]. Finally, one of the biggest limitations of the vanadium redox battery compared to lead acid batteries is its relative newness as compared to lead acid batteries. The lead acid battery was created in 1860 by French physicist Gaston Planté, allowing for extensive research throughout its existence. Meanwhile, the first working vanadium redox flow battery was not created until the 1980’s, giving researchers significantly less time to optimize the battery and its components [11]. However, this limitation may also be one of the greatest benefits of vanadium redox flow batteries, because there is a lot of room for innovation and improvement. Comparison of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries and Iron-chromium Redox Flow Batteries The limitation of underdevelopment also attributes to why the vanadium redox flow battery could be used over another type of flow battery, the iron-chromium redox flow battery. As stated above, the difference between vanadium redox flow batteries and lead acid batteries made comparing the prices between the two difficult. However, since the vanadium redox flow battery is so similar to the iron- chromium redox flow battery, comparisons between the two are more straightforward. Evaluation of both concludes that there are two significant differences between each battery. The first is capital cost, which is the cost that it takes to bring the installation of a battery to operable status. Capital cost is measured in US dollars ($) per kilowatt-hour (kWh). For vanadium redox flow batteries, the capital cost is around $229 per kilowatt-hour, since vanadium is a rarer and therefore more expensive metal. Since iron and chromium are both low cost metals, the capital cost is around $194 per kilowatt-hour [12]. This would suggest that iron-chromium redox flow batteries are less expensive and more desirable than the vanadium redox flow battery. However, despite lowering upfront costs, the use of iron and chromium in flow batteries creates another set of problems associated with running the battery that can offset initial savings. These problems include imbalanced, prolonged life cycles, significantly faster decay, and self- discharge related to the semi-permeable membrane allowing the iron and chromium species to react while the battery is idle. Each of these problems must be addressed in different ways, such as the addition of catalysts, premixing of iron and chromium salts, or the additional remixing of the electrolytes. All of these add to the iron-chromium battery’s 5 University of Pittsburgh, Swanson School of Engineering First-Year Conference Paper 29.03.2019 maintenance cost and creates a more complex system. The relative simplicity of vanadium redox flow batteries, as compared to the iron-chromium redox flow battery, combined with the potential for development and possibility of lowering the capital cost make the vanadium redox flow battery an overall more promising option for green energy storage [12]. The vanadium redox flow battery has proven itself a viable battery for grid energy storage in real world applications outside of a research setting. The Sustainability of the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery These different aspects are important because they allow for an evaluation of the sustainability of vanadium redox flow batteries. Sustainability can be defined within three branches which are social development, economic development, and environmental protection [13]. Social development, as related to vanadium redox flow batteries, is about maintaining and/or improving public access to power without compromising safety. The high efficiency, low level of self-discharge, and long product life of a vanadium redox flow battery allows it to contribute to a power grid which is better equipped to meet the demands of the public and maintain and improve public access to power. Another branch of sustainability is environmental protection, which is defined as reducing the negative impacts the human species has on the environment [13]. Some aspects that might affect the evaluation of vanadium redox flow batteries as a sustainable device would be size, the chemicals used in the battery, and emissions. Vanadium redox flow batteries can be considered environmentally sustainable because they do not contain toxic chemicals and can help reduce emissions by making green energy sources more viable. One area for environmental sustainability the battery does not fulfill is size, as the vanadium redox flow battery is very large. However, in the context of grid energy storage, size is not the most important factor when considering environmental sustainability. Size is far outweighed by the potential of vanadium redox flow batteries to significantly offset harmful emissions, such as carbon and methane. The last branch of sustainability is economic development, which in context means that the battery must be affordable enough to be economically viable for widespread adoption. As addressed above, the exact cost of vanadium redox flow batteries is unclear, but they appear to be similar in price to lead acid batteries. This combined with the lower maintenance cost and longer lifetime provide evidence that the sustainability of the vanadium redox flow battery is at least the same as, if not more than, the lead acid battery, in regard to economic development [13].PDF Image | VANADIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERIES FOR GREEN ENERGY
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