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1 RFB) using a centric clamping vise. The fore of the vise is directly applied to the active 2 area, enabling fully reproducible test conditions. In addition, qCf-RFB provides a 3 temperature regulation by pumping of a thermal fluid (Huber P20.275.50) located in 4 external thermostatic bath (Huber). cF40-RFB is a commercial electrochemical cell with 5 an active area of 40 cm2 (w=52 mm, h=77mm). Only graphite and plastic materials are 6 exposed to the electrolyte. 7 A commercial vanadium electrolyte, supplied by Golden Energy Fuel Cell Co. Ltd. 8 (China), was used in this work. It had a 2 M vanadium concentration (VO2+ in the positive 9 electrolyte and V3+ in the negative electrolyte) in 3 M H2SO4. At the beginning of every 10 single test, positive and negative electrolyte tanks were filled up with 200 mL of the 11 corresponding solution. A peristaltic pump (Heidolph Pumpdrive 5001) was used to 12 deliver electrolyte to the RFB cell at a constant flow rate (20 mL min-1). The negative 13 electrode tank reservoir (containing V2+, which is an instable specie, and V3+) was purged 14 with a nitrogen stream to avoid the oxidation of the V2+ due to the presence of oxygen 15 during the charge and discharge experiments. 16 Carbon soft felt, provided by SGL Group was used as electrodic material both in 17 the cathode and in the anode. Carbon felt pieces were submitted to a previous treatment 18 with boiling 1 M NaOH before being used as electrodes, in order to increase the 19 hydrophilicity of the material. A cationic exchange membrane (STERION L-105) was 20 used to separate the anodic and cathodic compartments inside the cell. As it is going to 21 be explained in the text, this membrane undergoes a rapid degradation during the tests, 22 reflected on an increase in the vanadium species permeability. This allows us to evaluate 23 with a short test, the effects of a rapid ageing of the system, because the influence of the 24 harsh conditions reached in the VRFB on the cell materials is known to be the main 25 weakness of the technology. 6PDF Image | Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries for wind turbines
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