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capacity retention of 87.3% for a total of 30 cycles (i.e., 16 h of continuous cycling). The open-circuit voltage of the battery reaches 1.38 V. Therefore, the volumetric energy density of the system is equal to (96485 C mol−1 × 3 mol L−1)/3600 sec/ 1.38 V = 58.2 Wh L−1, superior to the traditional H2SO4 VRFB (35 Wh L−1) [10,13]. The coulombic efficiency (C) of the PIL(aq) VRFB cell lingers at 90%, while the voltaic efficiency (V) reaches 71%, yielding an average energy efficiency (E) of 64% for 30 cycles (Figure 1b). 4- Conclusion In summary, a novel protic ionic liquid electrolyte that can significantly enhance the energy density of the VRFB is reported here. To the best of our knowledge, no study concerning PIL-based electrolytes for the VRFB has been conducted so far. The proof-of-concept redox flow cell with a concentration of 3 mol L−1 vandyl sulfate yielded acceptable energy and coulombic efficiencies of the order of 64% and 91%, respectively, and a nominal capacity of 1900 mAh at 40 mA cm−2 throughout 30 cycles. This project serves as the onset of a working platform to study several (protic) ionic liquids as suitable alternatives for redox flow battery applications and more. The aim is to gain the capability to benchmark the best-suited IL for RFB redox couples that can demonstrate i) fast kinetics, ii) large temperature window, iii) high ionic conductivity and solubility, iv) low density, and v) stability. 5- Perspectives of future collaborations with the host laboratory Post-Fellowship collaboration with the host laboratory is already in place. The scope of the collaboration applies not only to RFB systems but also to Lithium-ion batteries (2 papers under preparation) and supercapacitors (1 paper under preparation). This corroborates the exchange of knowledge between the host and guest institutions and the intention of a long-standing collaboration between the two parties. 6- Articles published in the framework of the fellowship The outcome of this work resulted in two papers. The first is published in the Journal of Energy Chemistry (G. Nikiforidis, A. Belhcen, M. Anouti, Journal of Energy Chemistry 57 (2021) 238-246). A following paper is under preparation. 7- Acknowledgments This work was supported by the "Le Studium Loire V alley Institute for Advanced Studies" and "Region Centre Val de Loire" through the "OBAMA" project under Lavoisier II. The authors also acknowledge the stimulating international scientific environment animated by all LE STUDIUM staff, especially Dr. A. Montagu and S. Gabillet. 8- References [1] D. Gielen, F. Boshell, D. Saygin, M.D. Bazilian, N. Wagner, R. Gorini, Energy Strateg. Rev. 24 (2019) 38–50. [2] S. Kolb, M. Dillig, T. Plankenbühler, J. Karl, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 134 (2020) 110307. [3] G. Nikiforidis, M.C.M. van de Sanden, M.N. Tsampas, RSC Adv. 9 (2019) 5649–5673. [4] P. Ralon, M. Taylor, A. Ilas, H. Diaz- Bone, K. Kairies, Int. Renew. Energy Agency Abu Dhabi, UAE (2017). [5] A. Rai, O. Nunn, Econ. Anal. Policy 67 (2020) 67–86. [6] F.C. Walsh, C. Ponce de Léon, L. Berlouis, G. Nikiforidis, L.F. Arenas- Martínez, D. Hodgson, D. Hall, Chempluschem 80 (2015) 288–311. [7] C. Doetsch, A. Pohlig, in: Futur. Energy, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 263–277. [8] D.G. Kwabi, Y. Ji, M.J. Aziz, Chem. Rev. 120 (2020) 6467–6489. [9] X. Han, X. Li, J. White, C. Zhong, Y. Deng, W. Hu, T. Ma, Adv. Energy Mater. 8 (2018) 1801396. [10] M. Gencten, Y. Sahin, Int. J. Energy Res. 44 (2020) 7903–7923. [11] M. Skyllas‐Kazacos, L. Cao, M. Kazacos, N. Kausar, A. Mousa, Nikiforidis, G.; Anouti, M. A Vanadium Redox Flow Battery based on a highly concentrated Protic Ionic Liquid Electrolyte, LE STUDIUM Multidisciplinary Journal, 2021, 5, 1-5 https://doi.org/10.34846/le-studium.211.01.fr.01-2021 4PDF Image | Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Protic Ionic Liquid Electrolyte
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