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J. Phys. Energy 3 (2021) 031503 N Tapia-Ruiz et al activation of the Li2MnO3 component of Li-rich layered materials for LIBs [25]. To suppress oxygen release, surface engineering methods, such as the use of coatings, namely Al-based oxides and phosphates, may be implemented. Typically, these coatings react with the cathode material to stabilise the surface by creating a composite of the active material and the coating compounds [26]. Furthermore, electrolytes that are stable at very high potentials must be sought to enable an accurate study of the cathode material without interference from parasitic electrolyte reactions. To address this, several approaches can be adopted based on high-voltage LIBs, namely the use of electrolyte additives or super-concentrated commercial salts in organic solvents. On the other hand, organic solvents can be replaced by more stable ionic liquids or solid electrolytes, although these approaches are far from large-scale commercialisation [27]. Concluding remarks The anion redox reaction represents a major challenge, in terms of both understanding and successful exploitation. However, the potential rewards in terms of increased energy density, together with the realisation that its occurrence is more widespread than hitherto believed, make it an important area for future development. This may take the form of materials that undergo irreversible changes as a result of oxygen redox and thereby generate phases with enhanced electrochemical performance. Alternatively, the developments outlined in the previous section could lead to the preparation of phases exhibiting truly reversible oxygen redox reactions stabilised by surface coatings and/or the availability of novel electrolytes. Progress will be assisted by the further development and increasing availability of advanced characterisation techniques, such as RIXS, which may be combined with HAXPES and XAS to obtain information at a range of depths. Acknowledgment This research is funded by the Faraday Institution (Grant No. FIRG018). 11PDF Image | 2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
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