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J. Phys. Energy 3 (2021) 031503 N Tapia-Ruiz et al Figures 22(b) and (c) present a survey of the battery performance of half cell (with sodium metal as the anode) and full cell (with a sodium intercalation compound as the anode) NIBs, respectively, employing pyrrolidinium-based IL electrolytes with a wide range of cathodes and anodes. Impressively, ionic liquids offer superior cyclability, rate capability, and powder density, compared to organic electrolytes. Despite the higher viscosity and inferior transference number, these results strongly encourage the investigation of IL chemistry in NIBs. The reasons for such exciting performance improvements are: the enhanced Na+ diffusion at the interface, a compact SEI, dendrite-free sodium deposition/dissolution, the lower reactivity of ionic liquids with sodium metal, and reduced Al corrosion at elevated temperatures (figure 21). For example, highly conducting and stable SEI layers have been reported for an HC anode with an IL electrolyte, Na[FSA]-[C3C1Pyrr][FSA] [186], compared to NaClO4-EC/DEC. The homogeneity and stability of the SEI of Na[FSA]-[C3C1pyrr][FSA] improves the cyclability of several anodes, such as Sn4P3 [a cyclability of 112% at 200 cycles] [190]. Full cells employing an IL electrolyte display similar benefits (figure 22(c)). A very energy-dense (368 Wh kg−1) prismatic full cell has been developed using a Na[FSA]-[C3C1pyrr][FSA] electrolyte, a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, and an HC anode to deliver better capacity retention (75%) than that of a Na[ClO4]-EC/PC electrolyte (figure 22(c)) [191]. A highly stable passivation layer with negligible dendrite formation was observed when a vinyl substituted imidazolium IL was used as electrolyte additive [192]. Super-concentrated 50 mol% NA[FSA]-[C3C1pyrr][FSA] exhibited dendrite-free sodium deposition/dissolution onto the SEI with a nanoengineered Na+ conducting interface made from (Na)x(FSA)y components [187]. Concluding remarks In conclusion, ionic liquid electrolytes significantly improveme the safety of sodium ion batteries, widen the operating temperature and electrochemical window, and offer impressive cyclability and interface chemistry. However, insufficient literature is available to report the applicability of a wider range of electrodes in a wider range of ILs. Fine correlations between structure and critical interface electrochemistry are still under-represented in NIB research. Some additional concerns include cost, recyclability, tedious purification methods, and the high viscosities of ILs. Binary IL-organic/aqueous solvents (IL–water) and non-fluorinated cheap anion-based ILs could improve cost-effectiveness and decrease viscosity if they could be developed without sacrificing safety aspects. Interestingly, NIBs with ILs still exhibit good specific energy (near to that of LIBs) and better power than supercapacitors at elevated temperatures, which are difficult to achieve with organic solvents. The possibility of tuning the molecular structure of ionic liquids and a detailed understanding of the mechanical properties and solubility of SEIs with ILs are to be explored to enhance the performance of NIBs with ILs. Acknowledgment This research is funded by the Faraday Institution (Grant No. FIRG018). 46PDF Image | 2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
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