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J. Phys. Energy 3 (2021) 031503 N Tapia-Ruiz et al Figure 29. The upper part of the image is a representation of the ISIS neutron and muon source, depicting the production of neutrons involving a linear accelerator (linac), synchrotron, and target. The lower part of the image shows the main neutron techniques and how they are relevant to Na battery materials. Advances in science and technology to meet challenges Advances in instrumentation, such as guides and detectors used to obtain a higher flux in the sample will improve the temporal resolution and data quality of operando studies. This can also allow operando experiments for techniques where the current time resolution is too poor, such as QENS, as well as improving spatial resolution for imaging studies. Advances in cell development will also benefit operando studies, with the potential to reduce data collection times, allow the performance of simultaneous multicharacterisation studies, and facilitate total-scattering operando experiments. The development of operando total scattering is a significant challenge, as additional components from operando and/or multicharacterisation cells interfere heavily with pair distribution function (PDF) data collection and analysis; thus, new cells need to be developed with components that are either easily subtracted or have a small contribution to the total scattering. Alternatively, the temporal resolution may be improved through the development of stroboscopic measurement techniques, whereby multiple identical experiments are carried out and the data are carefully time marked to allow the data from the individual experiments to be combined, enhancing the S/N ratio and resolution through overlapping data sets. Advances in sample environments and equipment are essential, in particular, for in-situ and operando experimentation, which enable simultaneous data collection from complementary techniques—so-called ‘multimodal characterisation’. Examples include simultaneously collecting NMR or EPR data whilst performing neutron diffraction, or the combination of two different neutron techniques, such as diffraction and imaging, a facility that is currently under development. The development of new multimodal characterisation sample environments that can be utilised with different instrumentations and across techniques with the same sample is vital. A full understanding of the physical phenomena that underpin functional properties can only be obtained through this type of experimentation. While advances in flux and sample environments will benefit disorder studies, data-analysis tool development will allow heavily disordered systems to be understood. It would be helpful to improve analysis 57PDF Image | 2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
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