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J. Phys. Energy 3 (2021) 031503 N Tapia-Ruiz et al Figure 31. (a) 23 Na ex situ NMR spectra of NaMnO2 at different states of charge. Resonances corresponding to α-NaMnO2 , β-NaMnO2, and interfacial stacking faults are highlighted in green, blue, and red, respectively. Reprinted with permission from [233]. Copyright (2014) American Chemical Society. (b) In situ e 23Na NMR spectra of a hard carbon anode material as a function of the state of charge. The movement of the signal from the diamagnetic (low chemical shift) regime to the paramagnetic (high chemical shift) regime shows the transition from isolated Na ions to quasi-metallic clusters. Reproduced from [77] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry. Concluding remarks Although widely applied as an analytical technique, solid-state NMR continues to be a highly active area of research in itself, which engenders continual developments in experimental hardware and methodology. These ongoing advances are helping to deepen and transform our understanding of battery material structures and mechanisms, so that their material properties can be optimised. For the study of Na-ion battery materials in particular, NMR has already provided considerable insight and will continue to do so as faster MAS rates become more widely available and advances in DNP methodology provide ever higher sensitivity and selectivity. Acknowledgments We acknowledge the Faraday Institution NEXGENNA project (FIRG018) and Lancaster University for financial support. 61PDF Image | 2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
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