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J. Phys. Energy 3 (2021) 031503 N Tapia-Ruiz et al Figure 36. Factors which have been shown to have an influence on the creation and maintenance of a stable surface–electrolyte interface. Reproduced from [269]. © IOP Publishing Ltd CC BY 3.0. Figure 37. Schematic diagram of the growth in the SEI layer on hard carbon, with electrolyte additives; FEC (a) and NZeo (b) taken from Nanozeolite ZSM-5 electrolyte additive for long-life sodium-ion batteries. Reproduced from [271] with the permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry. these changes upon the lifetime, capacity, and ultimately the degradation mechanisms will be essential to extend the lifetime of cells and make further NIB optimisations. Advances in science and technology to meet challenges In order to achieve longer lifetime NIBs, a greater understanding of the interaction of all the cell components and competing ageing and degradation processes is required. This will be different for each cell chemistry, voltage window, and electrode design. An understanding of the interfaces is of the greatest importance for both cathodes and anodes. These interfaces control the transport properties of sodium into the electrodes and influence the type and extent of microstructural changes during the ageing of the electrode. The compositional makeup of these interfaces requires optimisation through electrode and electrolyte design. Changes in these interfaces and their effects on the physical and chemical properties will also affect performance and safety. This offers opportunities for advanced, data-driven, and multiphysics models to be partnered with experimental data to provide greater in-depth information about the changes in the fundamental kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the cell for various compositions and designs. 69PDF Image | 2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
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