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J. Phys. Energy 3 (2021) 031503 N Tapia-Ruiz et al Figure 40. Ragone plot illustrating the current performance of Na-ion cells of some industry players [284, 285, 287], along with the two-year target for Faradion’s Na-ion cells. The requirements of some applications have been illustrated as well. For this purpose, the applications’ envelopes were constructed using datasheets of commercially available batteries that are currently being used for these applications, as indicated in the legend [288]. Acronyms used: ESS = energy storage system (for different grid-storage applications); 2W = two-wheeler; 3W = three-wheeler; eVs = electric vehicles; SCiB = super charge ion battery; PbA = lead-acid; LiPo = lithium-ion polymer; NCA = Li–Ni–Co–Al oxide//graphite; DOD = depth-of-discharge. Advances in science and technology to meet challenges Faradion’s Na-ion cells currently deliver energy and power metrics in between those of NMC//graphite and LFP//graphite cells (table 2). They can respond at 10 C (continuous discharge), which compares favourably with LFP//graphite pouch cells (1–3 C) [293]. Faradion’s Na-ion chemistry could be considered as a replacement for most applications where LFP//graphite is currently deployed. Table 2 also outlines targets for an ‘energy cell’ and a ‘power cell,’ that would solidify Na-ion technology as the go-to battery choice for different applications. The ‘energy cell’ is based on Faradion’s Na-ion chemistry and seeks to satisfy some of the more energy-demanding applications, such as mobile phones, laptops, and some EVs. For this purpose, Faradion has devised a clear roadmap to achieve these targets by enhancing reversible capacities, increasing electrode densities, and boosting coulombic efficiencies with novel electrolytes and additives. In fact, we recently showed that the rates of increase of Faradion’s Na-ion specific energies (and cycle lives) are significantly faster than those of Li-ion [284]. Even though current Na-ion technology can deliver high power, for applications such as power tools or drones, both power and energy densities need to be simultaneously acceptable. For such a ‘power cell,’ it might be challenging to meet the power and energy requirements using polyanionic cathodes at acceptable costs. We thus anticipate layered oxide cathodes will be used for such cells, relying on a majority, or a pure, P2 phase; it is well known that many P2-based Na-ion oxide cathodes can deliver excellent rate performance. Faradion’s low cell BOM (bill-of-materials) is based on the absence of expensive cobalt, the use of aluminium (as opposed to expensive copper) current collectors, and the natural abundance of sodium, resulting in active materials and electrolyte salts that are cost-effective to produce. Future cell BOMs ($ kWh−1) can primarily be reduced in three ways: (a) increasing energy density; (b) large-scale industrialisation of the material supply chain with (c) increasing production volumes, all reducing cost ($) with scale. The technical approach to achieving these target energy densities (stated in table 2) is listed above. The development of material supply chains and an increase in production volumes are already happening with the ever-increasing realisation of the performance benefits of Na-ion batteries (figure 40) and the ever-rising demand. 75PDF Image | 2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
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