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REVIEW 5 of 23 Batteries 2022, 8, 180 5 of 23 Figure 2. (a) Flexible battery of Na0.44MnO2/NaTi2(PO4)3@C with 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. Repro- duced with the permission of ref. [13], copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc. (b) Aqueous symmetric Na-ion Figure 2. (a) Flexible battery of Na0.44MnO2/NaTi2(PO4)3@C with 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. Reproduced battery in highly concentrated electrolyte. Reproduced with the permission of ref. [32], copyright with the permission of ref. [13], copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc. (b) Aqueous symmetric Na-ion battery 2018 Wiley−VCH. (c) Three different electrolytes were compared, 1 M Na2SO4, 9.2 M NaOTF, and in highly concentrated electrolyte. Reproduced with the permission of ref. [32], copyright 2018 32K8N. Reproduced with the permission of ref. [35], copyright 2020 Elsevier Ltd. (d) Comparison of Wiley−VCH. (c) Three different electrolytes were compared, 1 M Na2SO4, 9.2 M NaOTF, and 32K8N. the long-term cycling performances of water and ethanol−water under 100 mA g−1. Reproduced with the permission of ref. [36], copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. Reproduced with the permission of ref. [35], copyright 2020 Elsevier Ltd. (d) Comparison of the long-term cycling performances of water and ethanol−water under 100 mA g−1. Reproduced with 2.2. Hydrogel Electrolyte the permission of ref. [36], copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. Though liquid electrolyte is green, safe and low-cost, it still has a risk of electrolyte leakage, batteries short-circuiting and other problems in extremely unfavorable situations. However, hydrogel itself has superior mechanical properties. In addition, as gel electrolyte, it can exhibit high ion-conductivity as well as flexible interface contact. In the meantime, with developments in science and technology, portable flexible devices are at the forefront of next-generation energy research. Electrolytes of hydrogen are one of the most important components in the design of flexible devices since they are commonly subjected to extreme conditions, including large angles of twisting, bending, and folding which might result in leakage of electrolytes when using normal liquid electrolytes [37]. Polyacrylamide hydrogel electrolyte is the most reported hydrogel electrolyte for flexible electronic devices. In addition, as shown in Figure 3b, with the solid content in the quasi-solid-state hydrogel increases, it can effectively alleviate the dissolution of some electrode materials which can further improve batteries’ cycle performance [38]. Similar to high-concentration electrolyte, the presence of polymer in hydrogel can also broaden the voltage window. Specifically, some high valent ions such as Zn2+ and Al3+ have a strong ionic crosslinking with some groups such as guluronic acid units in different alginate; not only is the ability to withstand external pressure increased by two hundred times, but also the process of ionic crosslinking is completely reversible. In addition, a comparison of the potential range from −0.7 V to 1.1 V (compared to SCE) was made between Al-alginate/PAM hydrogel electrolytes, shown in Figure 3c [39]. The dual-crosslinked hydrogel electrolyte can reach an ion conductivity of 29.8 mSPDF Image | Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries Hydrogel
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