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Batteries 2022, 8, 180 13 of 23 3.2. Anode Materials 3.2.1. NASICON Structure Numerous anode materials of sodium ion batteries feature a NASICON structure. NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) stands out among them because of its intermediate voltage range and rapid sodium ion channel. In 2011, Park et al. [30] first proposed that NaTi2(PO4)3 can be applied to ASIBs. As compared with non-aqueous electrolyte in Figure 8a, A sodium-ion system containing NaTi2(PO4)3 improves the rate capability and cyclability of an aqueous electrolyte that has a high ionic conductivity. While the majority of materials in aqueous can conduct Na+ rapidly, their own conductivity is quite low, which will result in the material’s irreversible performance. As a result, C doping is often utilized to increase the Batteries 2022, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 23 conductivity of materials throughout the material synthesis process, which can be classified as the Pechini method, [83] solvothermal method, [84] sol–gel method, [85] and solid-phase method [86,87]. Figure 8. (a) Comparison of electrochemical performance for carbothermally treated NaTi2(PO4)3 in aqueous electrolyte and organic electrolyte. Reproduced with the permission of ref. [30], copyright Figure 8. (a) Comparison of electrochemical performance for carbothermally treated NaTi2(PO4)3 in 20a1q1uTehouesEelelecctrtoroclhyetme aicnadl Soorgciaentyic. (eble)cPtrhoylsyitceo.cRhepmroicdaul cehdarwacitehrtizhaetipoenrmanisdsiboanttoefryrepf.e[r3fo0r],mcaonpcyeriogfht N2T0P1@1CT.hReeEpleroctdruochedemwicitahl Sthoecipeteyr.m(bis)sPiohnysoifcorecfh.e[m87i]c,aclocphyaraigchtetr2iz0a1t5ioAnmanedricbantteCrhyepmeircfaolrmSoacniecetyof NTP@C. Reproduced with the permission of ref. [87], copyright 2015 American Chemical Society (c) (c) The HNTP@PNC is composed of a hollow NTP anode surrounded by nitrogen−doped carbon The HNTP@PNC is composed of a hollow NTP anode surrounded by nitrogen−doped carbon nan- nanofibers. Reproduced with the permission of ref. [88], copyright 2021 Elsevier Ltd. ofibers. Reproduced with the permission of ref. [88], copyright 2021 Elsevier Ltd. The authors of Hung et al. [51] took advantage of the facile and cost-effective hy- drothermal route to prepare carbon-coated NaTi2(PO4)3 nanoparticles at 250 ◦C for five 3.2.2. Organic Materials hours without further calcination. As a result of its unique NASICON configuration and Since organic electrode materials are physically more flexible than inorganic materials, low charge–transfer resistance, the NTP-5h/C displays excellent electrochemical perfor- they are better able to accept large Na+ ions, hence boosting the energy density of ASIBs. In mance as demonstrated by the EIS analysis. The aqueous sodium ion battery assembled by addition to their natural abundance, they possess a variety of qualities that make them excel- NTP-5h/C and Na0.44MnO2 with time control at 5 h has excellent rate capability (0.1–1.3 V) lent for battery applications, including redox properties that may be adjusted, chemical diver- and cycling performance (0.7–1.3 V) in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. NTP-5h/C-Na0.44MnO2 sity, mechanical flexibility, and environmental friendliness. A summary of a few representa- tive materials and their respective charge storage mechanisms is shown in Figure 5a [11]. For ASIBs, the majority of the reported organic materials are polymer materials in- cluding carbonyl compounds and conductive polymers. Polyimide has greater working voltage, capacity, and structural stability in comparison to other transient oxide anodesPDF Image | Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries Hydrogel
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