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Batteries 2022, 8, 180 16 of 23 Furthermore, various benefits are associated with bipolar materials, which are capable of functioning both as an anode and cathode in ASIBs. Among these benefits are their low sodium cost, and ease of fabrication. For the first time, FeFe(CN)6 nanocubes have been made and used as bipolar materials in ASIBs by Junshu Zhang and co-workers. As shown in Figure 10b, the resulting full cell mainly inherits FeFe(CN)6’s excellent cycling stability and its superior rate capability. A capacity of 32 mAh g−1 was achieved at 20 ◦C and at 2 ◦C it sustained around 97% capacity after 200 cycles which shows a good capacity retention. Similarly, the cycling performed at 10 C at a fast-charging rate and 2 C at a slow discharging rate also achieved similar results [93]. As shown in Figure 10c, Chen and colleagues reported that chromium hexacyanochro- mate as anode material for ASIBs exhibits a specific capacity of 108.2 mAh g−1, with a discharge rate of 0.5 A g−1. Additionally, CrCr PBA exhibits a low redox potential, which increased the battery’s voltage. In this study, the complete cell exhibited a capacity of 52.8 mA kg−1 as well as an energy density of 81.6 Wh kg−1 at a voltage of 1.55 V on average. Moreover, the capacitors were able to retain 93.01% capacity after 500 cycles at 30 C and the coulombic efficiency was close to 100%. As a result of the similar mecha- nisms by which CrCr PBA stores energy, it has the potential to be used as an anode for other types of ASIBs [62]. 3.2.4. Other Materials The sodium vanadium phosphate relatives are a potential series for ASIBs due to their structural stability and plentiful vanadium chemical flexibility [94]. Anode materi- als for ASIBs have been developed by Ke and colleagues, for instance, the NaV3(PO4)3 nanofiber and the NaV3(PO4)3/C nanofiber were compared. According to the results, NaV3(PO4)3/C nanofibers at different current densities have a higher capacity and higher capacity retentions than other materials [47]. An aqueous rechargeable sodium battery with a sodium-based electrolyte has also been developed by Liu and co-workers using MoO3 coatings with PPy nanocomposite, with a charge and discharge voltage range of 0 to 1.7 volts for this ARSIB. The authors stated that they had developed an aqueous rechargeable sodium battery by embedding a molecular composite made of iron oxide coated with PPy and containing 0.35 mol of molybdenum oxide in two mol of sodium phosphate. This ARSIB is capable of charging and discharging at 0 to 1.7 volts. Due to this characteristic, the PPy coating allows the ARSIB to operate well in cycles and give an outstanding rate capability. Its energy density might reach 18 Wh kg−1 at a minimum of 2.6 kWkg−1, with 90 percent of that obtained at 80 Wkg−1. The research presented in this paper opens a new avenue for examining the development of non-carbon anodes that provide excellent electrochemical properties for ASIBs [13]. 4. Future Applications With the rapid advancement of digital production, information technology, intelligent life, and health monitoring, flexible and portable electronic products such as health care devices, sensors, and electronic skins that can bend, fold, twist, and stretch are rapidly evolving and are expected to revolutionize our lives [95,96]. The development of stretchable power sources is one of the key challenges in achieving fully independent and flexible devices. As a result, we present in this part the current status and the latest advancements in research related to flexible ASIBs as well as other advanced applications that will likely be used in future aqueous sodium ion batteries. Chen et al. employ hierarchical 3D carbon-networks with graphene film to achieve a free-standing anode, which has an excellent flexible resistance to external forces and tortuosity as shown in Figure 11a. Hierarchical 3D carbon-networks provide better conductivity and also a great flexible approach to practical application [22]. Furthermore, a flexible cathode was reported by Jie Gu et al. which demonstrated excellent performance for aqueous sodium ion batteries even at high bending angles.PDF Image | Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries Hydrogel
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