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Energies 2020, 13, 6216 7 of 19 more homogenous particle distribution and lower aggregation at both higher and lower magnifications (panels a and b), with no evidence of cracking. For alginate- and PAA-based electrodes (panels c and d, and e and f, respectively), it appears that more particles are agglomerated and connected with neighboring ones, tending to form more clusters. SEM images of CGDHC-PVDF electrode surface for LIBs display some obvious intergranular and microcracks, as highlighted by arrows (panels g and h). These results suggest that during the drying process the PVDF-based electrode becomes brittle, and eventually cracks keep growing on the surface of the electrode after pressing. It is speculated that long run. Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 20 the existence of cracks may result in poor contact between particles and between particles and current pressing. It is speculated that the existence of cracks may result in poor contact between particles and collectors [34]. Additionally, these cracks that form can expose further interfacial area to side reactions between particles and current collectors [34]. Additionally, these cracks that form can expose further and gradually lose active materials, potentially leading to inferior electrochemical performances in the interfacial area to side reactions and gradually lose active materials, potentially leading to inferior electrochemical performances in the long run. Figure 3. SEM images of the surface of the CGDHC-based lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes Figure 3. SEM images of the surface of the CGDHC-based lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes prepared with different binders at different magnifications. (a,b) Na-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) prepared with different binders at different magnifications. (a,b) Na-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder; (c,d) alginate (Alg) binder; (e,f) polyacrylic acid (PAA) binder; (g,h) poly(vinylidene binder; (c,d) alginate (Alg) binder; (e,f) polyacrylic acid (PAA) binder; (g,h) poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) binder. difluoride) (PVDF) binder.PDF Image | Coffee Ground Sustainable Anodes Sodium-Ion Batteries
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