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Energies 2020, 13, 6216 Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 19 8 of 20 Figure 4. SEM images of the surface of the CGDHC-based Na-ion battery (NIB) electrodes prepared Figure 4. SEM images of the surface of the CGDHC-based Na-ion battery (NIB) electrodes prepared with different binders at different magnifications. (a,b) Na-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder; with different binders at different magnifications. (a,b) Na-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder; (c,d) alginate (Alg) binder; (e,f) polyacrylic acid (PAA) binder; (g,h) poly(vinylidene difluoride) (c,d) alginate (Alg) binder; (e,f) polyacrylic acid (PAA) binder; (g,h) poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) binder. (PVDF) binder. SEM images of the electrode prepared for NIBs (Figure 4) show a very similar trend, with only SEM images of the electrode prepared for NIBs (Figure 4) show a very similar trend, with only minor improvements for the alginate-based electrode, which in this case shows a lower degree of minor improvements for the alginate-based electrode, which in this case shows a lower degree of agglomeration (panels c and d). For NIBs, the formation of clusters and aggregation of particles are agglomeration (panels c and d). For NIBs, the formation of clusters and aggregation of particles are critically important and can be considered as an essential disadvantage due to the need of keeping a critically important and can be considered as an essential disadvantage due to the need of keeping a large interfacial area exposed to electrolyte upon charge/discharge processes in order to exploit the large interfacial area exposed to electrolyte upon charge/discharge processes in order to exploit the surface storage mechanisms [35]. As for the corresponding LIB anodes, some microcracks can be also surface storage mechanisms [35]. As for the corresponding LIB anodes, some microcracks can be also found on the surface of PVDF-based electrode for NIBs, additionally in this case because of the brittle found on the surface of PVDF-based electrode for NIBs, additionally in this case because of the brittle nature of the pressed CGDHC-PVDF film. nature of the pressed CGDHC-PVDF film. 3.3. Electrochemical Behavior 3.3. Electrochemical Behavior In order to investigate the reaction processes taking place during the reversible Li storage and In order to investigate the reaction processes taking place during the reversible Li storage and investigating the impact of the different binders on the charge/discharge performance, all electrodes investigating the impact of the different binders on the charge/discharge performance, all electrodes underwent cyclic voltammetry (CV) at a scan rate of 0.05 mV/s, and galvanostatic cycles in the potential underwent cyclic voltammetry (CV) at a scan rate of 0.05 mV/s, and galvanostatic cycles in the window of 0.02–2.20 V in half-cells vs. Li and Na. The voltammograms acquired during the first and potential window of 0.02–2.20 V in half-cells vs. Li and Na. The voltammograms acquired during the first and second cycles vs. Li are shown in Figure 5. For all electrodes, a large peak with an onset potential around 0.75 V is seen during the first cathodic scan, reflecting the first-cycle irreversible .PDF Image | Coffee Ground Sustainable Anodes Sodium-Ion Batteries
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