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Energies 2020, 13, 6216 11 of 19 values through all over the investigated cycles in both conditions, because of a homogenous coating on the copper electrode. The capacity values for alginate- and PAA-based electrodes are initially lower, but they then exhibit better capacity retention, while the PVDF-based electrode shows slightly lower capacities. In order to further evaluate the effects of binders for LIBs, the capacity retention also were evaluated at 2C for 500 cycles as shown in Figure 7b, where the differences become even more Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 20 marked, with the highest capacity values obtained by the CMC-based electrode and the lowest values abnydthtehePVloDwFe-sbtavseadluoesneb.yHtohweePvVeDr,Fth-beaPseAdAo-bnaes.eHdoawneovder,isthabelePAtoAr-ebtasinedpearnfodrmeaisncaebsleuptonreltoaning pcyercfloinrgm. aTnhciesscuopuoldn bloenrgelacytecdlintog.aTphpirsopcoriualtde bmeercehlanteidcatloparopperrotpiersiaotfe tmhecPhAaAni-cbalspedroeplerctireosdoef[t2h6e], PaAmAo-rbeadsesdirealbelcetrcodnefo[r2m6]a,taiomnorfepdoelysimraebrlienctohnefocormaptoiosinteo,fanpdolaymeorreinefftheectcivoemapnodsisttea,balnedSEaImlaoyreer efoffremctaivtieonanind fsetwabelrecSyEcIlelas,ytehrufsorhminadtieorninignafgegwloermceyrcalteiso,nthouf sphoilnymderrinbgyaeglegcltormosetraatitciornepouflpsiolnym[2e9r,4b2y]. eItleicstnrostetawtiocrtrhepyuthlsaitoanm[2o9n,g42d].iffIteriesnntobtienwdoersthinyLthIBats,aPmAoAngalsdoifcfearnenfotrbminsdtreornsginhyLdIBrosg,ePnAbAonadlssowciatnh faocrtmivesmtroatnegriahlysdarnodgseunbbstornatdesdwueittho aitcsticvhemiacatelrsitarluscatunrde (scuabrbstorxaytelicdauceidtomoitisetciehseimntiecraalcstitnrugcwtuirthe (pcoalrabrogxryoluicpascaidt tmheoieedtigeessionftecrarcbtoingpwlainthesp)o[2la6r].groups at the edges of carbon planes) [26]. Figure 7. Cycle performance of CGDHC-based LIB electrodes with different binders. Cycling rate C/5 Figure 7. Cycle performance of CGDHC-based LIB electrodes with different binders. Cycling rate C/5 (a) and 2C (b). (a) and 2C (b). In order to clarify the interfacial behavior of electrodes based on different binders, electrochemical In order to clarify the interfacial behavior of electrodes based on different binders, impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out every tenth cycle at E = 0.50 V, confirming the reasons electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out every tenth cycle at E = 0.50 V, why changing binders can considerably improve the electrochemical performances. Figure 8a–d confirming the reasons why changing binders can considerably improve the electrochemical demonstrates the Nyquist plots recorded using different binders. All impedance dispersions show performances. Figure 8a–d demonstrates the Nyquist plots recorded using different binders. All similar features: (i) a semicircle at high frequencies related to migration through passivation layer, impedance dispersions show similar features: (i) a semicircle at high frequencies related to migration through passivation layer, which is partly overlapped by (ii) a semicircle at middle frequencies related to interfacial charge-transfer process; (iii) a sloped line at low frequencies associated with Li+ ion diffusion in the bulk of the active materials [43]. EIS data were fitted using the equivalent circuit noted as Rel(RSEI CSEI)(Rct Cdl)WCi in the notation of Boukamp. Rel, RSEI, and Rct are associated with the resistances of electrolyte, of SEI film, and of the charge-transfer process, while CSEI, Cdl, and Ci are thePDF Image | Coffee Ground Sustainable Anodes Sodium-Ion Batteries
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