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Energies 2020, 13, 6216 12 of 19 which is partly overlapped by (ii) a semicircle at middle frequencies related to interfacial charge-transfer process; (iii) a sloped line at low frequencies associated with Li+ ion diffusion in the bulk of the active materials [43]. EIS data were fitted using the equivalent circuit noted as Rel(RSEI CSEI)(Rct Cdl)WCi in the notation of Boukamp. Rel, RSEI, and Rct are associated with the resistances of electrolyte, of SEI film, and of the charge-transfer process, while CSEI, Cdl, and Ci are the capacitances related to passivation Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 20 layer, electric double layer, and differential intercalation, respectively. W is the Warburg impedance, describing Li+ ion diffusion [44]. The calculated values of RSEI and Rct are reported in Figure S4. RSEI and Rct are reported in Figure S4. The CMC-based electrode shows the lowest Rct values, thus The CMC-based electrode shows the lowest Rct values, thus revealing improved kinetics and enhanced revealing improved kinetics and enhanced stability of its interfacial behavior. For the PVDF-based stability of its interfacial behavior. For the PVDF-based electrode, the high initial values of Rct and the electrode, the high initial values of Rct and the subsequent contraction may be explained by subsequent contraction may be explained by rearrangements of the electrode/electrolyte interface due rearrangements of the electrode/electrolyte interface due to initial morphological instability. to initial morphological instability. Figure 8. Nyquist plot of CGDHC-based LIB electrodes prepared with different binders: (a) Na-carboxymethyl Figure 8. Nyquist plot of CGDHC-based LIB electrodes prepared with different binders: (a) Na- cellulose (CMC); (b) alginate (Alg); (c) polyacrylic acid (PAA); (d) poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF). carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); (b) alginate (Alg); (c) polyacrylic acid (PAA); (d) poly(vinylidene E=0.50V;10mHzPDF Image | Coffee Ground Sustainable Anodes Sodium-Ion Batteries
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