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Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 of 53 method [294]. As the anode material in SIBs, these NiCo2S4 nanosheets delivered a reversible capacity of 387 mAh g−1 after 60 cycles at a current density of 1000 mAh g−1. The sodium ion storage process was a result of a combined Na+ intercalation and conversion reaction between Na+ and NiCo2S4, plus Materials 2020, 13, 3453 26 of 58 the contribution of the pseudocapacitance mechanism increasing with the current density, as large as 71% at a scan rate of 0.4 mV∙s−1. A composite composed of an RGO matrix and a hollow prism of NiCo2S4 with a typical size of 500–600 nm as an anode for SIB demonstrated a capacity of 530 mA h dimension of ~2 μm and thickness ~30 nm through coprecipitation followed by a vapor sulfidation g−1 with negligible fading after 70 cycles at 50 mA g−1. At current density of 800 mA g−1, the capacity method [294]. As the anode material in SIBs, these NiCo2S4 nanosheets delivered a reversible capacity was 220 mA h−1g−1 [295]. NiCo2S4 nanodots (~ 9 nm) uniformly in−c1orporated with N-doped carbon of 387 mA·h·g after 60 cycles at a current density of 1000 mA·h·g . The sodium ion storage process delivered a capacity of 570 mA h+g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, and still retains 395 mA+ h g−1 at 6 A g−1 was a result of a combined Na intercalation and conversion reaction between Na and NiCo2S4, after 5000 loops. The choice of the electrolyte, important to obtain such a result, was the ether-based plus the contribution of the pseudocapacitance mechanism increasing with the current density, as electrolyte NaCF3SO3/DEGDME to pro−m1 ote faster sodium-ion transportation due to flexible one- large as 71% at a scan rate of 0.4 mV·s . A composite composed of an RGO matrix and a hollow dimensional chain structure and favorable solvent-salt interaction in the voltage region 0.4–3.0 V prism of NiCo2S4 with a typical size of 500–600 nm as an anode for SIB demonstrated a capacity of (Figure 11) −[2196]. −1 −1 530 mA·h·g with negligible fading after 70 cycles at 50 mA·g . At current density of 800 mA·g , the Co9S8 suffers a conve−r1sion reaction according to: capacity was 220 mA·h·g [295]. NiCo2S4 nanodots (~9 nm) uniformly incorporated with N-doped carbon delivered a capacity of 570 mA·h·g−1 after 2+00 cycles at 0.2 A·g−1, and still retains 395 mA·h·g−1 Co9S8 + 16Na → 9 Co + 8 Na2S, (4) at 6 A·g−1 after 5000 loops. The choice of the electrolyte, important to obtain such a result, was which shows a relatively high theoretical capacity of 544 mAh g−1 [297]. Higher rate capability and the ether-based electrolyte NaCF3SO3/DEGDME to promote faster sodium-ion transportation due to higher cycle ability with this material is obtain with an ether-based electrolyte, such as 1 mol L−1 flexible one-dimensional chain structure and favorable solvent-salt interaction in the voltage region sodium trifluomethanesulfonate (NaCF3SO3) salt dissolved in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether 0.4–3.0 V (Figure 11) [296]. (TEGDME) [298]. Figure 11. (a,c) Cycling performances and (d) coulombic efficiency of the anode composed of NiCo2S4 Figure 11. (a,c) Cycling performances and (d) coulombic efficiency of the anode composed of NiCo2S4 nanodots (9 nm) and N-doped carbon in different electrolytes at the current density of 1.0 A·g−1. nanodots (9 nm) and N-doped carbon in different electrolytes at the current density of 1.0 A g−1. The The galvanostatic discharge-charge profiles in (b) NaCF3SO3/DEGDME and (e) NaClO4/DEGDME galvanostatic discharge-charge profiles in (b) NaCF3SO3/DEGDME and (e) NaClO4/DEGDME electrolytes. Reproduced with permission from [296]. Copyright 2011 Wiley. electrolytes. Reproduced with permission from [296]. Copyright 2011 Wiley. Co9S8 suffers a conversion reaction according to: Co9S8 quantum dots (3 nm in size) embedded into porous carbon frameworks were obtained using SiO2 as sacrificial template [299]. Owing to+ the combination of macroporosity (average size 150 Co9S8 +16Na →9Co+8Na2S, (4) nm), the carbon that helps to maintain the structural integrity and improves the rate capability by i n c r e a s i n g t h e e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y , a n d t h e n a n o - s t r u c t u −r a1 t i o n , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a n o d e which shows a relatively high theoretical capacity of 544 mA·h·g [297]. Higher rate capability and demonstrated a capacity of 340 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles with the Coulombic efficiency of over 99%−1, higher cycle ability with this material is obtain with an ether-based electrolyte, such as 1 mol·L at a current density of 1 A g−1. At high current density of 10 A g−1, the capacity was still maintained at sodium trifluomethanesulfonate (NaCF3SO3) salt dissolved in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) [298]. Co9S8 quantum dots (3 nm in size) embedded into porous carbon frameworks were obtained using SiO2 as sacrificial template [299]. Owing to the combination of macroporosity (average size 150 nm),PDF Image | Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries
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