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Molecules 2022, 27, 6516 As shown in Figure 13, one-dimensional materials and HC microtubules, were re- ported earlier by Hu’s group [49]. The unique hollow tubular structure gives the anode material high capacity and rate properties. During the test of a full battery composed of a copper, iron and manganese metal oxide cathode, a high reversible specific capacity of 290 mAh g−1, an average operating voltage of 3.2 V, and an energy density of about 207 Wh kg−1 were obtained. For one-dimensional materials, excellent work ha1s8 boef e3n2 per- formed [101], where a large number of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were easily syn- thesized using acetone, and these monodisperse CQDs self-assembled to form carbon frames in a high-temperature argon atmosphere, which provides more sodium storage and improves the infiltration area of electrolyte, and reduces the diffusion length of the sites and improves the infiltration area of electrolyte, and reduces the diffusion length of Sodium-ions. This anode material can reach a capacity of 90 mAh g −1 −1 at 20 A g−1 , and th−e1 the Sodium-ions. This anode material can reach a capacity of 90 mAh g at 20 A g , and −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 capacityincreathsescafrpoamcit1y3in0cmreAashesgfromto131037mmAhAghgto13a7ftmerA5h0g00acfytecrle5s00a0t5cyAclegsat.5Ag . Figure 13. (a) SEM image of carbon source cotton. (b) The magnified SEM images of the carbonized Figure 13. (a) SEM image of carbon source cotton. (b) The magnified SEM images of the carbonized cotton with a clear and visible hollow structure [49]. Furthermore, Yuan [105] synthesized flower-like nitrogen-doped hierarchical po- cotton with a clear and visible hollow structure [49]. Furthermore, Yuan [105] synthesized flower-like nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous rous carbon networks (NHPCN) by using the self-template method and a single precur- carbon networks (NHPCN) by using the self-template method and a single precursor. It sor. It has a high-level spaced graphite layer, ultra-thin two-dimensional nanostructure, has a high-level spaced graphite layer, ultra-thin two-dimensional nanostructure, and a porous three-dimensional network. With the help of this flower-like structure, the sodium storage properties and kinetic properties are greatly improved, and its cycling stability and rate performance are also very high due to the stability and high solution wettability of the structure. It shows 453.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 242.5 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 with almost no capacity loss after 2500 cycles, which is much higher than the normal N-doping strategy of ordinary anode materials. Interface engineering is also an important method of morphology control to solve the problem of insufficient ICE in HC materials. The FeS2 nanoclusters were uniformly inserted into the N and S co-doped carbon matrix, and the Fe was bound to the active sites of N and S on the carbon layer, this defect-repairing site will facilitate the decomposition of SEI film formed by electrolyte on the surface, and it will also form a two-dimensional SEI film itself as a crystal nucleus to increase the conductivity of the material surface [106]. The interfacial modification and heteroatom doped anode material obtained in this paper has an amazing reversible capacity of 749.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 401.9 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1, with almost no capacity change at 3 A g−1 after 5500 cycles. Although this interface engineering process is limited by the choice of electrolyte, it provides an effective approach to reduce the influence of SEI film on ICE. In summary, material structure undoubtedly has an important influence on the prop- erties of materials. For HC materials, the carbonization temperature, precursor type, heteroatom doping, interface modification and other factors will affect their morphol- ogy characteristics. It is worth noting that some intrinsic morphology of biomass carbon sources has been used to synthesize materials with excellent properties. Hollow kapok fibers were used as a carbon source to synthesize one-dimensional micronanotubes [107] with excellent low surface area and interfacial transport properties, a reversible specific capacity of 290 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and ICE up to about 80%. Tian [108] synthesized the two-dimensional carbon nanoplate from natural mushroom spores rich in chitin and cellulose, and formed the whole battery with Na3V2(PO4)3, exhibiting a high power density of 199.2 Wh kg−1, along with the advantages of industrialization due to the low cost. Cao’s group [109] synthesized one-dimensional HC fiber materials using low-cost waste paper as a carbon source, and adjusted its structure and properties with the change of pyrolysis temperature, achieving a capacity of up to 319.6 mAh g−1 and a high cycling stability of 99.3% capacity retention rate after 100 cycles. Similar to heteroatom doping, the regulation of the structure has advantages and disadvantages. Although the porous structure and lay-PDF Image | Hard Carbons as Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries
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